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Algeria (in Italian) | | Date: The 20th Century | Notes: Italo-algerini
Italo-algerini sono gli italiani emigrati in Algeria negli ultimi secoli ed i loro discendenti.
Storia
La prima presenza italiana in Algeria risale ai tempi delle repubbliche marinare italiane, quando alcuni mercanti italiani si stabilirono sulla costa centrale magrebina.
Quando la Francia conquistò l'Algeria nel 1830 vi contò nel suo primo censimento (fatto nel 1833) oltre 1.100 italiani, concentrati ad Algeri e Bona.
Nei decenni successivi la comunità italiana crebbe fino a quasi 50.000 persone alla fine dell'Ottocento, ma fu assimilata in forma quasi forzata nei decenni successivi dai francesi, che temevano le aspirazioni del colonialismo italiano nella vicina Tunisia e possibilmente anche nell'Algeria.[1]
Praticamente gli italo-algerini finirono inglobati nei pieds-noirs francesi e ne seguirono le sorti durante il Novecento, specialmente negli anni della guerra d'Algeria.
Ancora negli anni sessanta, subito dopo l'indipendenza dell'Algeria dalla Francia, la comunità italiana aveva una consistenza di circa 9.000 persone (quasi tutte residenti nella capitale).
Marcel Fiorini, pittore ed artista italo-algerino.
Attualmente vi sono appena 2.000 italo-algerini in Algeria (includendo gli Algerini con doppia cittadinanza), dei quali solamente poche centinaia sono discendenti dai vecchi coloni. L'anagrafe italiana registra solo 608 Italiani ufficialmente residenti nel 2007.[2]
Comunità italiana
I primi Italiani si radicarono ad Algeri e nell'oriente dell'Algeria, specialmente a Bona e Costantina. Una piccola minoranza andò ad Orano, dove era consistente la comunità spagnola da molti secoli. Questi primi italiani (calcolati in circa un migliaio) erano commercianti ed artigiani, con una piccola presenza di contadini.
Con l'arrivo dei francesi il flusso migratorio dall'Italia crebbe considerevolmente: nel 1855 gli italiani erano cresciuti a 9.000, in maggioranza siciliani e meridionali.
Nei decenni successivi vi fu una notevole emigrazione dall'Italia meridionale, al punto che nel 1886 erano 44.000 gli italiani in Algeria.
Un quarto degli italo-algerini si dedicava all'agricoltura, ma dove la comunità ebbe maggiormente successo fu nell'attività edilizia.
Nel 1889 la cittadinanza francese fu concessa agli stranieri residenti, in gran parte coloni provenienti dalla Spagna o dall'Italia, così da unificare tutti i coloni europei (pieds-noirs) nel consenso politico per un'"Algerie francoise".
Questa assimilazione degli Italo-algerini era dovuta alla preoccupazione francese di aumentare la propria presenza numerica nell'Algeria mussulmana appena conquistata.[3]
Ad esempio Bona, nota come Bône, fu uno dei maggiori centri algerini di insediamento degli italiani. Tra il 1850 ed il 1880, vi si insediò una comunità di pescatori di corallo provenienti dalla Toscana, dal golfo di Napoli e da altre località costiere italiana. Fino al 1861 questo fatto non preoccupò i francesi, ma da quell'anno (in cui si ebbe la creazione del Regno d'Italia) iniziarono una politica volta a limitare la presenza italiana nella loro colonia.
Nel censimento del 1906 12.000 italiani in Algeria si registrarono come francesi naturalizzati, dimostrando un atteggiamento completamente diverso da quello degli italiani in Tunisia (che erano molto attaccati all'Italia, anche nel legame irredentista).[4]
Infatti il fascismo mussoliniano fece pochi proseliti in Algeria e dopo la seconda guerra mondiale quasi tutti gli italo-algerini si identificarono nel movimento dei pieds-noirs francesi seguendone le sorti.
Attualmente i pochi membri della comunità italiana rimasta hanno una scuola (intitolata "Roma") ed un circolo ad Algeri, ma sono praticamente quasi scomparsi.
Statue di Paul Belmondo alla Scuola di Belle Arti di Algeri.
Alcune iniziative di volontariato associativo - promosse anche da ditte italiane operanti in Algeria - sono state portate avanti negli ultimi anni (quale l'Associazione Abruzzesi in Algeria, dal 1979 l'Associazione Italiani all'Estero/delegazione di Algeri, il Comitato Tricolore Italiani nel Mondo e dal 2004 l'Associazione Azzurri nel mondo).[5]
Lingua e religione
Tutti gli italo-algerini parlano un po' l'italiano, parlando in arabo e in francese e / o l'inglese come seconda lingua, e sono cattolici. Gli italo-algerini delle nuove generazioni sono equiparate alle società algerina, e la maggior parte di loro parlano solo arabo e francese (con solo qualche parola di italiano). Nella religione, la maggior parte delle giovani generazioni sono cattolici, mentre solo pochi giovani ragazze o ragazzi sono convertiti all'Islam.
Italo-algerini famosi
* Jacques Attali, (1943- ), politico
* Paul Belmondo, (1898-1982), scultore (padre dell'attore Jean Paul Belmondo)
* Marcel Fiorini, (1922-2008), pittore ed artista
* Julie Pietri, (1957- ), cantante
* René Viviani, (1863-1925), uomo politico anticlericale, parlamentare dal 1898, più volte ministro, presidente del consiglio nel 1914-1915
For original text with references see Italian Wikipedia, "Italo-algerini." | Contributed by: Courtesy of Italian Wikipedia
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Algeria (in English translation) | | Date: The 20th Century | Notes: Italo-Algerian
Italo-Algerian Italians have emigrated to Algeria over the past centuries and their descendants.
History
The first Italian presence in Algeria dates back to the times of the Italian maritime republics, when some Italian merchants settled the coast of central Maghreb.
When France conquered Algeria in 1830 we counted in its first census (done in 1833) over 1,100 Italians, concentrates and Bona in Algiers.
In the decades following the Italian community had grown to nearly 50,000 people in the late, but was treated in an almost forced in the following decades by the French, who feared the ambitions of Italian colonialism in neighboring Tunisia and possibly nell'Algeria. [1 ]
Virtually the Italian-Algerian ended up against the French pieds-noirs and followed the fortunes during the twentieth century, especially in the years of war in Algeria.
Even in the sixties, shortly after independence from France in Algeria, the Italian community had a consistency of about 9,000 people (almost all residents in the capital).
Marcel Fiorini, painter and artist Italo-Algerian.
Currently there are only 2000 Italian-Algerian in Algeria (including Algerians with dual citizenship), of which only a few hundred are descendants of old settlers. The Italian Registry records only 608 Italians officially resident in 2007. [2]
Italian community
The first Italians are rooted in Algiers in Algeria and in steering, especially at Bona and Constantine. A small minority went to Oran, where he was consistently the Spanish communities for many centuries. These early Italian (calculated at about a thousand) were merchants and craftsmen, with a small presence of farmers.
With the arrival of French migration from Italy grew considerably: in 1855 the Italians had grown to 9,000, mostly from Sicily and southern.
In the following decades there was a considerable emigration from southern Italy, to the point that in 1886 were 44,000 Italians in Algeria.
A quarter of Italian-Algerian is devoted to agriculture, but where the community had greater success was in the building industry.
In 1889 the French citizenship was granted to foreign residents, mostly settlers from Spain or Italy, so as to unify all the European settlers (pieds-noirs) in the political consensus for a 'Algerie francoise. "
This assimilation of the Italo-Algerian was due to French concerns to increase its presence nell'Algeria Muslim numerica newly acquired [3].
For example Bona, known as Bône, was one of the main Algerian settlement of Italians. Between 1850 and 1880, it settled a fishing community of coral from Tuscany, from the Bay of Naples and other Italian coastal resort. Up to 1861 this does not concern the French, but from that year (which was the creation of the Kingdom of Italy) began a policy to restrict their presence in the Italian colony.
In the census of 1906 12.000 Italians in Algeria were recorded as naturalized French, showing a completely different attitude than that of Italians in Tunisia (which were very attached to, even in the bond irredentist) [4].
In fact fascism Mussolini era had few followers in Algeria and after the Second World War almost all the Italian-Algerian is identified in the movement of French pieds-noirs, following the fortunes.
Currently the few members of the Italian community have remained a school (called "Rome") and a circle in Algiers, but they almost disappeared.
Statue of Paul Belmondo at the School of Fine Arts of Algiers.
Some initiatives of voluntary associations - promoted by Italian companies operating in Algeria - have been pursued in recent years (which Abruzzesi group in Algeria, since 1979 the Association Italians Abroad / delegation to Algiers, the Committee in the Italian Tricolore world and since 2004 the Association Azzurri in the World) [5].
Language and religion
All the Italian-speaking Algerians some 'Italian, speaking in Arabic and French and / or English as a second language, and are Catholics. The Italo-Algerian of new generations are treated to Algerian society, and most of them speak only Arabic and French (with only a few words of Italian). In religion, most of the younger generations are Catholic, while only a few young girls or boys are converted to Islam.
Italo-Algerian Famous
* Jacques Attali, (1943 -), politician
* Paul Belmondo, (1898-1982), sculptor (father dell'attore Jean Paul Belmondo)
* Marcel Fiorini, (1922-2008), painter and artist
* Julie Pietri (1957 -), singer
* René Viviani, (1863-1925), anti-politician, MEP since 1898, several times minister, chairman of the board in 1914-1915
For original text with references see Italian Wikipedia, "Italo-Algerian."
| Contributed by: Text, Italian Wikipedia; machine translation by Google
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Algeria | | Date: The 20th Century | | Notes: "Foto del 1921 di Algeri (dove si concentravano gli Italo-algerini, che avevano nell'edilizia una delle loro attività principali) con edifici simili a quelli di una tipica città meridionale italiana." | Contributed by: Text, Algeria; machine translation by Google
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Eritrea | | Date: The 20th Century | Notes: Italian Eritreans
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Italo-eritrei
Catholic Cathedral of Asmara, built by the Italians in 1922 and now meeting place of the remaining Eritrean Italians
Total population
900 (100,000 descendants in 2008[1][2][3])
Regions with significant populations
Asmara
Languages
Italian, Tigrinya
Religion
Christian, mostly Roman Catholic
Related ethnic groups
Italians
Italian Eritreans (or Eritrean Italians) are Eritrean-born descendants of Italian settlers as well as Italian long-term residents in Eritrea.
History
Their ancestry dates back from the beginning of the Italian colonization of Eritrea at the end of the XIX century, but only after the Second Italo-Abyssinian War of 1935 they settled in large numbers. In the 1939 census of Eritrea there were more than 75,000 Eritrean Italians, most of them (53,000) living in Asmara. Many Italian settlers got out of their colony after its conquest by the Allies in November 1941 and they were reduced to only 38,000 by 1946.
Although many of the remaining Italians stayed during the decolonization process after World War II and are actually assimilated to the Eritrean society, a few are stateless today, as none of them were given citizenship unless through marriage or -more rarely- by having it conferred upon them by the State.
The Italian colony of Eritrea
From 1882 to 1941 Eritrea was ruled by the Kingdom of Italy. In those sixty years Eritrea was populated - mainly in the area of Asmara - by groups of italian colonists, who moved there from the beginning of the XX century.
The Italian Eritreans grew from 4,000 during World War I to nearly 100,000 at the beginning of World War II[4].
The Italians brought to Eritrea a huge development of Catholicism and by the 1940 nearly half the Eritrean population was Catholic, mainly in Asmara where many churches were built.
Italian administration of Eritrea brought improvements in the medical and agricultural sectors of Eritrean society. For the first time in history the Eritrean poor population had access to sanitary and hospital services in the urban areas.
In Asmara was built the Cinema Impero in 1937. It is worldwide considered a masterpiece of "Italian Art-Deco style", later copied even in Miami Beach (USA)
Furthermore, the Italians employed many Eritreans in public service (in particular in the police and public works departments) and oversaw the provision of urban amenities in Asmara and Massawa. In a region marked by cultural, linguistic, and religious diversity, a succession of Italian governors maintained a notable degree of unity and public order. The Italians also built many major infrastructural projects in Eritrea, including the Asmara-Massawa Cableway and the Eritrean Railway.[1]
Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy in 1922 brought profound changes to the colonial government in Eritrea. Mussolini established the Italian Empire in May 1936. The fascists imposed harsh rule that stressed the political and racial superiority of Italians. Eritreans were demoted to menial positions in the public sector in 1938.
Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of the Italian East Africa. The Italian government continued to implement agricultural reforms but primarily on farms owned by Italian colonists (exports of coffee boomed in the thirties). In the area of Asmara there were in 1940 more than 2000 small and medium sized industrial companies, concentrated in the areas of construction, mechanics, textiles, electricity and food processing. Consequently, the living standard of life in Eritrea in 1939 was considered one of the best of Africa for the Italian colonists and for the Eritreans[2].
The Mussolini government regarded the colony as a strategic base for future aggrandizement and ruled accordingly, using Eritrea as a base to launch its 1935–1936 campaign to colonize Ethiopia. In 1939 nearly 40% of the male Eritreans able to fight were enrolled in the colonial Italian Army: the best Italian colonial troops during World War II were the Eritrean Ascari, as stated by Italian Marshall Rodolfo Graziani and legendary officer Amedeo Guillet [3].
year Italian Eritreans Eritrea population
1910 ...............1000 .............390,000
1935 ...............3100 .............610,000
1939 .............76,000 .............740,000
1946 .............38,000 .............870,000
2008 .................900 ...........4,500,000
The Italian Eritrean population in Eritrea, from 1910 to 2008
[edit] Asmara development
Asmara was populated by a numerous Italian community and the city acquired an Italian architectural look. Today Asmara is worldwide known for its early twentieth century Italian buildings, including the Art Deco Cinema Impero, "Cubist" Africa Pension, eclectic Orthodox Cathedral and former Opera House, the futurist Fiat Tagliero Building, neo-Romanesque Roman Catholic Cathedral, and the neoclassical Governor's Palace. The city is littered with Italian colonial villas and mansions. Most of central Asmara was built between 1935 and 1941, so effectively the Italians managed to build almost an entire city, in just six short years.[5]
The city of Asmara had a population of 98,000, of which 53,000 were Italians according to the Italian census of 1939. This fact made Asmara the main "Italian town" of the Italian empire in Africa. In all Eritrea the Italians were 75,000 in that year.[4]
Many industrial investments were done by the Italians in the area of Asmara and Massawa, but the beginning of World War II stopped the blossoming industrialization of Eritrea [6].
When the British army conquered Eritrea from the Italians in spring 1941, most of the infrastructures and the industrial areas were extremely damaged and the remaining ones (like the Asmara-Massawa Cableway) were successively removed and sent toward India and British Africa as a war booty. [7]
Map of the Africa Orientale Italiana: the biggest extension of Eritrea was reached during the Italian empire (1936-1941), when northern parts of conquered Ethiopia were assigned to Eritrea by the Italians as a reward for the Eritrean "Ascari'" help in the conquest of Ethiopia
The following Italian guerrilla war was supported by many Eritrean colonial troops until the Italian armistice in September 1943. Eritrea was placed under British military administration after the Italian surrender in World War II.
The Italians in Eritrea started to move away from the country after the defeat of the Kingdom of Italy by the Allies, and Asmara in the British census of 1949 already had only 17,183 Italian Eritreans on a total population of 127,579. Most Italian settlers left for Italy, with others to United States, Middle East, and Australia.
After WWII
The British maintained initially the Italian administration of Eritrea, but the country soon started to be involved in a violent process of independence (from the British in the late forties and after 1952 from the Ethiopians, who annexed Eritrea in that year).
Since then the Eritrean Italians have diminished as a community and now are reduced to a few hundreds, mainly located in the capital Asmara. Actually the most renowned of them in Eritrea is the professional cyclist Domenico Vaccaro, who won in Asmara the last stage of the Tour of Eritrea in April 2008.[8]
Language and Religion
Most Italian Eritreans can speak Italian, as their language is still widely understood and spoken by many Eritreans of other racial groups: there is only one remaining Italian-language school in Asmara, renowned in Eritrea for its sports activities[5]. Italian is still spoken in commerce in Eritrea[6].
Until 1975, there were in Asmara an Italian Liceum, an Italian Technical Institute, an Italian Middle school and special university courses in Medicine done held by Italian teachers[9].
Gino Corbella, an Italian consul in Asmara, estimated that the diffusion of the Italian language in Eritrea was supported even by the fact that in 1959, nearly 20,000 Eritreans were descendants of Italians who had illegitimate sons/daughters with Eritrean women during colonial times.[10][11]
Italian Eritreans can also speak the country's de facto official languages Tigrinya, Arabic, and English. The assimilated Italian Eritreans of the new generations (in 2007 they numbered nearly 900 persons) only speak Tigrinya and a bit of Italian, although a few are stateless. Nearly all are Roman Catholic Christians, while some are converts to other sects of Christianity and Sunni Islam.
Prominent Italian Eritreans
1949 Conference in the Vatican on Eritrean independence. Dr. Di Meglio is the second from the right
* Vincenzo Di Meglio. A Doctor at Asmara hospital during the later years of Italian rule, and appointed Director of the C.R.I.E (Comitato Rappresentativo degli Italiani dell’Eritrea), the main association of Italians in Eritrea during British rule. Dr. Di Meglio was one of the main opposers in Eritrea of the British attempt in 1947 to divide Eritrea between Sudan and Ethiopia, a British plot to increase their influence in the region. He obtained the dismissal of this project by the United Nations with his continuous pressure on UN latin-american representatives (like those of Haiti): the proposal was rejected by a margin of just one vote -that of Haiti- and so Eritrea was not divided between Sudan and Ethiopia. He was later unsuccessful -as representative of independist eritrean organizations- when he spoke at the United Nations assembly in New York against the annexation of Eritrea by Ethiopia, as a federated province, in 1950. At the UN, Vincenzo Di Meglio promoted in agreement with the Italian government the idea of "Trustee Administration" by Italy of an independent Eritrea, akin to that of Somalia[7].
* Ferdinando Martini. The first Governor of the Italian colony of Eritrea. In 1897 he established the Capital of the colonia primogenita ("first-born colony", as Eritrea was called by the Italians) in temperate Asmara, moving the Italian Administration away from hot, equatorial Massawa. During ten years as governor, Fernando Martini built many infrastructures in Asmara (like the present Presidential Palace).
* Luciano Violante, former President of the Italian Senate
* Bruno Lauzi, singer-songwriter
* Italo Vassalo, footballer
* Sivana Savorelli, aka Lara Saint Paul, designer
For original text with references see Wikipedia, "Italian Eritreans." | Contributed by: Courtesy of Wikipedia
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Eritrea | | Date: The 20th Century | | Notes: "Catholic Cathedral of Asmara, built by the Italians in 1922 and now meeting place of the remaining Eritrean Italians." | Contributed by: Courtesy of Wikipedia
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Eritrea | | Date: The 20th Century | | Notes: "In Asmara was built the Cinema Impero in 1937. It is worldwide considered a masterpiece of "Italian Art-Deco style", later copied even in Miami Beach (USA)." | Contributed by: Courtesy of Wikipedia
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New Zealand (in Italian) | | Date: The 20th Century | Notes: Italo-neozelandesi
Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.
Emigrazione italiana in Nuova Zelanda
Italo-neozelandesi sono gli Italiani emigrati in Nuova Zelanda negli ultimi secoli, ed i loro discendenti.
Storia
L'emigrazione italiana nella Nuova Zelanda è sempre stata molto ridotta, anche se la presenza di Italiani risale addirittura ai viaggi di James Cook (quando un Italiano di nome Ponto fece parte della sua tripulazione).
Fino all' Ottocento furono poche decine gli Italiani che arrivarono a vivere nelle isole, e quasi sempre tornarono nella vicina Australia.
Alcuni italiani, come Salvatore Cimino venuto da Capri nel 1839, si radicarono nei territori degli indigeni Maori, creandovi famiglie tuttora esistenti. Un altro italiano emigrato in quegli anni, di nome Nicola Sciascia, ha attualmente 2.000 discendenti tra i Maori, che si riuniscono periodicamente per celebrare i loro legami. [1]
La maggioranza si dedicò all' agricoltura (specialmente della vite) ed all' allevamento, ma alcuni anche alla ricerca dell' oro ("Garibaldi Diggins", cioè Miniere Garibaldi ).
Nei primi decenni del Novecento vi era quasi un migliaio di Italiani in Nuova Zelanda, concentrati ad Auckland, Wellington e Nelson.
Molti furono perseguitati (ed alcuni anche internati) durante la seconda guerra mondiale:
« L'entrata in guerra dell’Italia ha comportato anche qui misure di sicurezza che coinvolgevano però i pochi italiani che ci vivevano e che ci vivono ancor oggi. Nel giugno del 1940 tribunali speciali vennero chiamati a giudicare della pericolosità di tutte le comunità dell’Asse presenti in Nuova Zelanda. Poiché le emigrazioni italiane avevano riguardato in special modo popolazioni costiere di pescatori, (vedi il caso degli Eoliani presenti già da 40 anni) , la maggior parte di loro, già integrati, era dispersa in villaggi e in piccole comunità. La parte più consistente delle emigrazioni in questi luoghi era costituita da anglosassoni e tedeschi. Anche qui, già dal 1927, era arrivata la dottrina fascista, che non aveva poi avuto un gran seguito, nonostante ci fossero nelle stesse isole fazioni di fascisti inglesi e indigeni isolani che mal tolleravano la corona. Nel 1941 vennero trasferiti sull’isola di Somes 86 uomini di cui 25 Italiani civili. Donne e bambini non furono internati, benché poi problemi si presentassero per la loro esistenza. Il trattamento dei prigionieri viene portato ad esempio, citando gli italiani che mangiano spaghetti e pesce pescato da loro.[2] »
Dopo la guerra, specialmente dopo gli anni settanta, tutti gli Italiani si sono integrati con successo nella società neozelandese.
Comunità italiana
Il primo tentativo di organizzare un'immigrazione di massa degli Italiani fu fatto nel 1870 dal governo neozelandese, ma fu un mezzo fallimento. Alcune centinaia di Italiani furono portati dall' Italia per fare lavori manuali faticosi, ma si dimostrarono inadatti e finirono per tornare quasi tutti in Europa.
Invece l' emigrazione italiana ebbe successo quando attuata con "richiamo di parenti e amici". In pratica, un Italiano iniziava un'attività che aveva successo (per esempio, in commercio o viticoltura) e successivamente "chiamava" altri dall'Italia per ingrandire la sua attività.[3]
In questa forma (detta in inglese "migration chains", o catene emigratorie) si crearono importanti comunità neozelandesi:
* Pescatori dall'isola di Stromboli crearono nell' Island Bay, vicino Wellington, una località conosciuta come "Little Italy".
* Contadini dalla provincia di Potenza si radicarono a Nelson , coltivando pomodori.
* Agricoltori dal Veneto svilupparono piantagioni nella fertile Valle di Hutt.
* Minatori da Belluno svilupparono cittadine minerarie nel West Coast.
* Lombardi dalla Valtellina crearono aziende agricole, produttrici di latticini, a Taranaki.
Attualmente gli Italo-neozelandesi sono concentrati per l'ottanta per cento nelle città di Auckland e Wellington, e sono principalmente tecnici, commercianti ed imprenditori. Negli ultimi decenni è venuto meno il risentimento contro gli Italiani, provocato dalla guerra di Mussolini contro l'Impero inglese.[4]
Gli Italiani residenti in Nuova Zelanda sono 2.216 nel 2007, secondo le Statistiche dell' AIRE del Ministero degli Esteri italiano. [5]
Organizzazioni italiane
Il primo Circolo italiano, "Garibaldi Club", fu fondato a Wellington nel 1882 ed è ancora attivo.
Nel 1955 fu fondata la "Dante Alighieri" ad Auckland, per promuovere la lingua e cultura italiana presso gli Italo-neozelandesi.
Inoltre, a Nelson esiste dal 1937 il "Club Italia", dove si svolgono Festivals e Concerti famosi in tutta Nuova Zelanda.[6]
Statistiche
I censimenti neozelandesi mostrano la seguente consistenza della comunità italiana:
* Censimento 1874: 280 Italiani
* Censimento 1901: 428 Italiani
* Censimento 1951: 1.058 Italiani
* Censimento 2001: 1.440 Italiani
* Censimento 2006: 1.539 Italiani
Nel censimento del 2006 si sono dichiarati di etnia italiana 3.114 persone. I Neozelandesi con ascendenza italiana sono circa 30.000.
For original text see Italian language Wikipedia, "Italo-neozelandesi." | Contributed by: Courtesy of Italian Wikipedia
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New Zealand (in English translation) | | Date: The 20th Century | Notes: Italo-New Zealand
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Italian emigration to New Zealand
Italo-Italians are New Zealanders emigrated to New Zealand over the past centuries and their descendants.
History
Italian Migration in New Zealand has always been very low, although the presence of Italian dates back to the voyages of James Cook (when an Italian named Ponto was part of his tripulazione).
Until 'Ottocento were few Italians who came to live on islands, and almost always returned in neighboring Australia.
Some Italians, like Salvatore Cimino came from Capri in 1839, is rooted in the territories of the indigenous Maori, creandovi families still exist. Another Italian who emigrated in those years, the name of Nicola Sciascia, currently has 2000 descendants of the Maori, who meet regularly to celebrate their links. [1]
The majority is dedicated to 'agriculture (especially of the vine) and all' breeding, but some also in search of 'gold ( "Garibaldi Diggins," that is Mines Garibaldi).
In the early decades of the twentieth century there was almost a thousand Italians in New Zealand, concentrated in Auckland, Wellington and Nelson.
Many were persecuted (and even some interned) during the Second World War:
"The entry into war also led to security measures that involved but the few Italians who lived there and that we live today. In June of 1940 courts were asked to judge the dangerousness of all communities dell'Asse present in New Zealand. As the Italian emigration had focused especially coastal fishing, (see the case of Eolian present already 40 years), most of them, already incorporated, was dispersed in villages and small communities. The largest part of the migration in this area consisted of Anglo-Saxon and German. Again, since 1927, had reached the fascist doctrine, which had not then had a great result, although there were islands in the same faction of the fascist British and indigenous islanders that poorly tolerated the crown. In 1941 were transferred on Somes 86 men of which 25 Italian civilians. Women and children were not interned, although problems are then presented for their existence. The treatment of prisoners is brought for example, citing that the Italians eat spaghetti and fish caught by them. [2]
After the war, especially after the seventies, all Italians were successfully integrated into New Zealand society.
Italian community
The first attempt to organize mass immigration of Italians was made in 1870 by the New Zealand Government, but was half failure. Some hundreds of Italians were taken from 'Italy to do manual work tiring, but proved unsuitable and ended up returning almost everyone in Europe.
Instead the 'Italian emigration was successful when implemented with reference to family and friends. " In practice, an Italian who had started a successful (ie, in trade or viticulture) and then "called" by others to enlarge its activity [3].
In this form (called in English "migration chains, or chains emigratorie) is created major New Zealand communities:
* Fishermen from the island of Stromboli created in 'Island Bay, near Wellington, a place known as "Little Italy".
* Peasants from the province of Potenza are rooted in Nelson, cultivating tomatoes.
* Farmers Veneto developed plantations in the fertile valley of the Hutt.
* Miners from Belluno developed mining towns in the West Coast.
* Lombardi Valtellina created by the farms, producing dairy products, in Taranaki.
Currently, the Italo-New Zealand are in concentrated form to eighty percent in the cities of Auckland and Wellington, and are mainly engineers, merchants and entrepreneurs. Over the past decades has failed the resentment against the Italians, caused by the war against Mussolini British Empire. [4]
Italians resident in New Zealand are 2216 in 2007, according to the statistics of 'AIRE of Italian Foreign Ministry. [5]
Italian organizations
The first Italian club, Club Garibaldi, was founded in Wellington in 1882 and is still active.
In 1955 was founded the "Dante Alighieri" in Auckland, to promote the Italian language and culture at the Italo-New Zealand.
Also, Nelson has existed since the 1937 "Club Italia", the place famous festivals and concerts throughout New Zealand. [6]
Statistics
The New Zealand census show the following consistency of the Italian community:
* Census 1874: 280 Italiani
* Census 1901: 428 Italiani
Census * 1951: Italy 1058
Census * 2001: Italy 1440
Census * 2006: Italy 1539
In the census of 2006 have declared an ethnic Italian 3114 people. The New Zealanders with Italian ancestry are about 30,000.
See text for original English language Wikipedia, "Italian-New Zealand."
| Contributed by: Text, Italian Wikipedia; machine translation by Google
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Paraguay | | Date: 1919-1929? | | Notes: 100,000 people living in Paraguay are of Italian descent. | Contributed by: Courtesy of the New York Public Library, Digital Gallery, Digital ID: 1572755.
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Madrid, Spain | | Date: n.d. | | Notes: 95,337 people are living in Spain that are of Italian descent. | Contributed by: Courtesy of the New York Public Library, Digital Gallery, Digital ID: 835916
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