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Peru | | Date: The 20th Century | Notes: Italian Peruvian
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Italian Peruvian
Notable Italian Peruvians
Francisco Bolognesi
Antonio Raimondi
Flag of Italy Flag of Peru
Total population
600,000 (close or partial ancestry)[1]
Regions with significant populations
Lima, Lambayeque, Arequipa, Callao (La Punta District), Tacna, Trujillo, Ica
Languages
Spanish, Italian
Religion
Roman Catholic
An Italian Peruvian is a Peruvian citizen of Italian descent. The phrase may refer to someone born in Peru of Italian descent or to someone who has immigrated to Peru from Italy. Among European Peruvians, Italians were the second largest group of immigrants to settle in the country.
History
Between years 1532 and 1560, 50 italians established in Lima (Viceroyalty of Peru) and Callao, mostly from Liguria and Tuscany, such as Martin from Florence, Pietro Catagno, Pietro Mart?n from Sicily (all of them involved in Atahualpa's capture), Juan Bautista Pastene, born in Genoa in 1505 and also present since the beginning of the Spanish Conquest of the Inca Empire. It's worthy to say that, in 1584, the first printing press was brought to the Viceroyalty of Peru by an italian named Antonio Ricciardi Pedemontanus.
Radicati di Primeglio has done an exhaustive research about italians in Lima and he found the well-documented existence of 343 italians in Lima between years 1532 and 1650 (this number can vary because many italians were not registered). From these 343 italians: 124 were from Genoa, 28 from Venice, 28 from Corsica, 15 from Naples, 11 from Milan, 10 from Rome, 5 from Sicily and the rest from other italian states. Italians from Genoa used to work in the transport of passengers and merchandises between Callao and other Viceroyalty harbors to Panama. We can mention to Captains Giustiniani y Vicenzo Pascuale, who founded many navigation and trade enterprises between Callao and Valparaiso; Giovanni di Malta, Nicolo da Bonifilio, Alvaro Pastrello, Giovanni Gaetano; Enrique Porri from Milan, Lucas de Astra from Genoa; Nicoroso y Marcos Corso, captain Alessandro Malaspina.
There were also marines from Venice and from the Aegean Islands, like Pedro from Heraklion and Francisco from Cyprus (these places were under the venetian dominion from 1204 to 1669); Anello Oliva, Ludovico Bertonio, Francesco Carletti, and the Prince of Santo Buono and Viceroy of Peru; Carmine Nicolao Caracciolo, born in Naples and Dr. Federico Bottoni who published a treaty about sanguineous circulation, in 1723.
During the last decades of spanish dominion in Peru, the number of italians in Peru grew faster than in previous centuries (most of them came from Genoa). The richest ones were related to the marine commerce while the rest of italians worked at small family-run business (such as grocery stores) or in larger enterprises along with their fellow Italians, as they were relatively skilled.
While most italians settled in the main cities, a group of sicilian and genovese fishers established in Chucuito, Callao
The pioneers of the italian immigration to Peru were Antonio Dagnino, who established in Callao in 1802 and Felix Valega, who arrived, in 1806. The same ship brought to the musician Andrea Bolognesi, father of the Peruvian National Hero "Francisco Bolognesi".
The first wave of italian immigration to Peru occurred during the period 1840-1880 (the "Guano" Era): not less than 15,000 italians arrived to Peru during this period (without counting the non-registered italians) and established mainly in the coastal cities, especially, in Lima and Callao. They came, mostly, from the northern states (Liguria, Piedmont, Tuscany and Lombardy). Giuseppe Garibaldi arrived to Peru in 1851, as well as other italians who participated in the Milan rebellion like Giuseppe Eboli, Steban Siccoli, Antonio Raimondi, Arrigoni, etc.
In 1872, the Sociedad de Inmigraci?n Europea ("European Immigration Society") was founded in Peru. Its objective was promoting Old World immigration by covering the costs of their journeys and financially supporting them during their first settler years in Peru.
A massive influx was expected, however, during these new waves of italian immigration, approximately, 47,000 italians arrived to Peru, mostly from Liguria, Lombardy, Campania, Calabria and Sicily. After this period, the number of arrivals from Italy decreased until the beginning of the World War II.
Many Italian Peruvians intermarried and many Italian Peruvian families are related. Most Italian Peruvians live in the metropolitan area of Lima and the coastal cities. The peruvian cuisine has been largely influenced by the italian cuisine.
Italian Peruvian institutions and associations
* Colegio Antonio Raimondi
* Asociacion de descendientes de Italianos en el Peru
* Instituto Cultural Italo-Peruano
* Societ Italiana d'IStruzione "Scuola Santa Margherita".
* Associazione Lombardi del Peru
* Associazione Liguri del Peru
* Associazione Siciliani del Peru
* Circolo Sportivo Italiano. Societta Canottieri "ITALIA"
* Circolo Tentrino di Lima
* Associazione Nazionale Alpini
* Associazione Piemontesi del Peru
* Associazione Toscana del Peru
* Associazione Sarda del Peru
* Associazione Veneti nel Mondo
* Camera di Comercio Italiana
* Societ Italiana di Benefincenza e Assitenza (SIBA)
* Asociacion Italiana Peruana Monopoli-Bari "Regione Puglia".
Famous Italian Peruvians
* Luis Giampietri Vice-president of Peru
* Alessandra Denegri Martinelli model, actress
* Santiago Roncagliolo novelist and journalist
* Mariela Balbi journalist, tv host
* Kareen Spano actress, writer
* Luis Solari politician, lawyer
* Francisco Bolognesi National heroe
* Alberto Isola actor, theatre director
* Francesco Petrozzi lyric tenor
* Gian Marco Zignago singer
* Maritere Braschi tv host
* Gloria Maria Solari actress
* Pilar Brescia actress
* Guillermina Maggiolo director of the National Symphony Orchestra
* Sandra Plevisani cheff, tv host
* Clelia Francesconi model, actress
* Maritza Picasso tv host
* Jorge Chiarella actor, journalist, writer and classic composer
* Ricky Tosso actor, theatre director
* Natalia Parodi tv host, actress
* Maria Pia Copello tv host
* Monica Rossi actress
* Ricardo Cavenecia Lo Priore businessman
* Alessandra Zignago model
* Luis Sanguinetti musician
* Bruno Ascenzo actor
* Giovanni Ciccia actor
* Emilia Drago model, actress
* Mario Poggi Extremadoiro writer
* Gianfranco Brero tv host, actor
* Katerina D?onofrio actress
* Nicolas Fantinato actor
* Guido Lombardi congressman, radio host
* Luciano Figallo musician, composer
* Carina Viteri model
* Pilar Mazzetti politician
* Saskia Bernaola comedist, actress
* Alicia Retto actress
* Homero Cristalli actor, tv host
* Betina Onetto show woman, actress
* Enrique Zileri peruvian journalism association's president
* Drusila Zileri journalist, tv host
* C?cica Bernasconi actress
* Flavio Maestri Soccer Player
* Raul Orlandini automobilistic competitor
* Carlos Cano actor
* Marco Zunino actor
* Renzo Guazzotti actor
* Giovanna Pollarolo poet, essay writer, narrator and guionist
* Sergio Galliani actor
* Vanessa Robbiano actress
* Carlos Di Laura Tennis player
* Daniela Sarfati actress
* Mario Testino photographer
* Tomas Cenzano actor
* Gabriela Billoti actress
* Ricardo Belmont Cassinelli tv host, ex-governor of Lima
* Nancy Cavagnari actress
* Raul Gorriti soccer player
* Sebastian Monteghirfo actor
* Ren? Gastelumendi journalist
* Marco Aurelio Denegri writer
* Maggie Martinelli gymnastic trainer
* Christopher Gianotti actor
* Gabriel Anselmi actor
* Attilia Boschetti actress
* Ana Cecilia Natteri actress
* Enrique Ghersi politician, lawyer
* Pold Gastello actor
* Juana Manuela Gorriti writer
* Romina Vaccarella sexologist
* Renato Rossini actor
* Manuel Scorza novelist
* Lucila Boggiano Mrs World 1989
* Jos? Campodonico actor
* Ezio Oliva singer
* Yola Polastri tv host
* Hugo Gastulo soccer player
* Stefano Tosso actor
* Felipe Sassone writer
* Ana Karina Copello singer
* Bruno Pinasco actor, tv series director
* Julio Marcone actor
* Mario Falcone actor
* Tulio Nicolini firefighter
* Guido Gallia chef
* Amparo Brambilla actress,
* Andres Reggiardo politician
* Ronald Baroni soccer player
* Cristina Aicardi badminton player
* Guillermo Rossini radio host, comedian
* Sofia Bogani actress
* Luis Angel Pinasco actor
* Guillermo Da?ino Ribatto writer
* Remigio Hernani Melone politician
* Carolina Cano actress
* Aldo Salvini actor, tv series director
* Luis Cavagnaro writer
* Mauricio Tola actor
* Magda Botteri radio host, actress, singer and teacher
* Mario Bassino photographer
* Alberto Pandolfi politician
* Giancarlo Galliani writer
* Maria Emma Mannarelli writer
* Juan Luis Cipriani archbishop of Lima
* Domenico Chiappe writer
* Chiara Pinasco actress
* Raul Tola journalist, TV host
* Pancho Lombardi movie producer
* Carla Barzotti actress, model
* Angello Bertini actor
* Eduardo Cesti actor
* Marko Ciurlizza soccer player
* Santiago Pedraglio journalist and sociologist
* Mauricio Fernandini journalist
* Giamfranco Castagnola Institution Apoyo's President
* Stephanie Cayo Sanguinetti
* Virna Flores Di Liberto
* Italy-Peru relations
For original text see Wikipedia, "Italian-Peruvian."
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Chucuito, Callao, Peru | | Date: Current | | Notes: "While most italians settled in the main cities, a group of sicilian and genovese fishers established in Chucuito, Callao." | Contributed by: Courttesy of Wikipedia
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Mexico | | Date: The 20th Century | Notes: Italian Mexican
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Flag of Italy Italian Mexican Flag of Mexico
italo-mexicano
italo-messicano
Luis Donaldo Colosio during his presidentiol campaign in 1994.
Leona Vicario ? Tina Modotti ? Colosio Luis Miguel
Total population
Official population numbers are unknown.
Estimate
350,000.
Regions with significant populations
Mexico City, Aguascalientes, Jalisco, Chihuahua, Veracruz, Michoac?n, Nuevo Le?n, Quintana Roo, Sinaloa Puebla.
Languages
Mexican Spanish, Italian
Religion
Christianity (mostly Roman Catholic)
Related ethnic groups
Italians, Italian American, Italian Argentine
An Italian-Mexican or Italo-Mexican (Italian: italo-messicano, Spanish: ?talo-mexicano) is a Mexican citizen of Italian descent or origin. Most people of Italian ancestry living in Mexico arrived in the late nineteenth century, and have become generally assimilated into mainstream society.[citation needed]
History
Italo-Mexican identity rests on the common experience of migration from Italy in the late 1800s, a period characterized by a more general Italian diaspora to the Americas (under the pressures of economic transformation and the process of unification into a nation-state in 1871), and the establishment of communities, primarily in central and eastern Mexico[citation needed]. Only about 3,000 Italians emigrated to Mexico during this period, and at least half of them subsequently returned to Italy or went on to the United States[1]. Most Italians coming to Mexico were farmers or farm workers from the northern districts. Most of these immigrants were from northern Italy, especially from the north-east regions of Veneto and Trentino-Alto Adige/S?dtirol[2]. Others arriving in the early 19th c. included many from Southern Italy. Significant numbers of Italian settlers arriving in the late 1800s and early 1900s received land grants from the Mexican government.
Today, many Italo-Mexicans continue to reside in towns founded by their ancestors[citation needed]. Among these is Chipilo, in the state of Puebla, where a derivative of the Venetian dialect is still spoken by its residents. Other towns founded by Italian immigrants lie in the states of Veracruz (Huatusco), San Luis Potos?, and the Mexican Federal District[citation needed]. If you get to travel to the state of Aguascalientes you well get to notice that there is a big portion of Italian decent result of the invasion of the French and the Italian. Smaller, but also notable, numbers of Italo-Mexicans can be found in Guanajuato, Estado de Mexico, and in the towns of Nueva Italia and Lombardia in the state of Michoac?n, which were founded by wealthy Italians who immigrated to Mexico after the 1880 diaspora and established large agricultural estates known as haciendas[citation needed]. Playa del Carmen in the state of Quintana Roo has also received a notable amount of immigrants from Italy[citation needed].
Society
Although many Italo-Mexicans now live in urban centers such as Mexico City and Monterrey, many others live in, and strongly identify with, one of the original or spin-off communities that are almost entirely of Italian origin[citation needed]. These individuals still stridently claim an Italian ethnic identity (at least to a non-Mexican outsider), but generally note that they are Mexican as well. In the late 20th century, there were an estimated 30,000 Italian Mexicans in the original eight Italian communities.[1] The total population, however, is uncertain due to the national census not gathering information on any specific ethnicity, as it is done in other countries. Despite this, Italian surnames are not uncommon in parts of Mexico[citation needed].
The majority of Italian Mexicans speak Spanish, but in Italian communities derived Italian languages (usually mixed with Spanish) are used to communicate among themselves.
Derived Italian Languages
Since most Italian immigration occurred by way of the establishment of colonies, derivatives of Italian languages exist in Mexico. Besides the best known Chipilo, derivatives of the Venetian language may also exist in Huatusco and Colonia Gonzalez, Veracruz[citation needed]. To this we can also add other Italian immigrant languages like Trentino (like in Colonia Manuel Gonzalez, Veracruz and Tijuana, Baja California), Piedmontese (in Gutierrez Zamora, Veracruz which remains the oldest Italian colony in Mexico as such which was called the Model Colony, and in La Estanzuela, Jalisco another Italian colony), Lombard (in Sinaloa and Colonia Manuel Gonzalez too, but mainly in Nueva Italia and Colonia Lombardia in the state of Michoacan), Sicilian (mainly in Mexico City), and Lower Bellunese (in Colonia Diez Gutierrez in San Luis Potosi)[citation needed].
Notable Italo-Mexicans
* Juan Bottesini, maestro
* Jared Borgetti, all-time leading goal scorer for the Mexican national football team
* Caesar Cardini, inventor of Caesar salad
* Manuel Neri, artist (Italo-Mexican-American)
* Maite Perroni, actress
* Sergio Pitol Demeneghi, writer
* Bernard Stasi, French politician (Italo-Mexican-French)
* Betty Zanolli Fabila, pianist
* Uberto Zanolli, composer and writer
* Martinez del Rio family, Piedmont and Milan
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Tunis | | Date: The 20th Century | Notes: Italian Tunisians
Flag of Italy Italian Tunisian Flag of Tunisia
Italotunisini
Total population
3,000 (by birth, 2006)[1]
Regions with significant populations
Tabarka, La Goulette, Tunis
Languages
French, Italian, Arab, Sicilian, Neapolitan, other Italian dialects
Religion
predominantly Roman Catholic
Genoese fort at the island of Tabarka, near Biserta, in the northern coast of Tunisia facing Sardinia.
Map of Tunisia in 1902, when the Tunisian Italians were its biggest european community . The island of Tabarka can be seen in full resolution near the Algerian border.
The Italian Tunisians (or Italians of Tunisia) were the Italians living in Tunisia who promoted the possession of this northern African country by the Kingdom of Italy and even promoted a form of Italian irredentism of Tunisia during the era of Fascism.
Italian presence in Tunisia
The presence of a numerous community of Italians in Tunisia has ancient origins, but it is only from the first half of the 19th century that its economic and social weight became critical in many fields of the social life of the country.
The Republic of Genoa occupied the island of Tabarka near Biserta, where the Genoese family Lomellini, who had purchased the grant of the coral fishing from the Ottoman Turks, maintained a garrison from 1540 to 1742. Here may still be seen the ruins of a stronghold, a church and some Genoese buildings. At Tabarka the ruins consist of a pit once used as a church and some fragments of walls which belonged to Christian buildings.
Italian Jews from Leghorn (Livorno of Tuscany) created the first foreign community in Tunisia, after the 16th century. In those centuries, the Italian language became the lingua franca in the field of the commerce in the Maghreb[1](in Italian).
The first Italians in Tunisia at the beginning of the 19th century were mainly traders and professionals in search of new opportunities, coming from Liguria and the other regions of northern Italy. In those years even a great number of Italian political exiles (related to Giuseppe Mazzini and the Carbonari organizations) were forced into expatriation in Tunisia, in order to escape the political oppression enacted by the preunitary States of the Italian peninsula. One of them was Giuseppe Garibaldi, in 1834 and 1849.
In a move that foreshadowed the Triple alliance, and with British support, Italian colonial interests in Tunisia were actually encouraged by the Germans and Austrians in the late 19th century to offset French interests in the region and to retain a perceived balance of power in Europe. The Austrians also had an interest in diverting Italy's attention away from the Trentino.[2]
At the end of the century, as a result of economic difficulties and a huge social crisis originating in southern regions of the newly created Kingdom of Italy, Tunis and other coastal cities of Tunisia received the immigration of tens of thousands of Italian peasants, mainly from Sicily and Sardinia. As a consequence, in the first years of the 20th century there were more than 100,000 Italians residents in Tunisia[3]. They concentrated in Tunis, Biserta, La Goulette, Sfax, but even in small cities like Zaghouan, Bouficha, Kelibia, Ferryville.
In those years, the Italian community was the main European community in the French Protectorate: Sicilians made up 72.5% of the community's population, while 16.3% were from central Italy (mainly Jews from Tuscany), 3.8% from Sardinia and only 2.5% from northern Italy (mainly from Veneto and Emilia)[4].
The small city of La Goulette (called La Goletta by the Italian Tunisians) was practically developed by Italians immigrants in the 19th century, who constituted nearly half the population until the 1950s (the international actress Claudia Cardinale was born there in 1938).
year Moslem Tunisians Jewish Tunisians French Italian Tunisians Maltese total
1921 778 1540 772 2449 (40,8%) 381 5997
1926 1998 2074 1264 2921 (33,8%) 299 8653
1931 2274 843 2233 3476 (37,5%) 332 9260
1936 2343 1668 2713 3801 (35,0%) 265 10 862
Census (1921 to 1936) of La Goletta. From: Paul Sebag, Tunis. Histoire d'une ville, ed. L'Harmattan, Parigi 1998
The presence of the Italians was fundamental in the process of cultural modernization of the country with the creation of various schools and institutes of culture, with the foundation of newspapers and reviews in Italian language and with the construction of hospitals, roads and small manufacturing industries, supported by Italian financials institutions.
The British Encyclopedia states that "...after 1862, however, the kingdom of Italy began to take a deep interest in the future of Tunisia. When the country went bankrupt in 1869, a triple control was established over Tunisian finances, with British, French French. and Italian controllers.' In 1880 the Italians bought the British railway from Tunis to Goletta. This and other actions excited the French to act on the secret understanding effected with the British foreign minister at the Berlin Congress. In 1881 a French force crossed the Algerian frontier under pretext of chastising the independent Khmir or Kroumir tribes on the north-east of the regency, and, quickly dropping the mask, advanced on the capital and compelled the Bey to accept the French protectorate. The actual conquest of the country was not effected without a serious struggle with Moslem fanaticism, especially at Sfax; but all Tunisia was brought completely under French jurisdiction and administration, supported by military posts at every important point. In 1883 the new situation under the French protectorate was recognized by the British government withdrawing its consular jurisdiction in favour of the French courts, and in 1885 it ceased to be represented by a diplomatic official. The other powers followed suit, except Italy, which did not recognize the full consequences of the French protectorate until 1896..."
[edit] France and the Peril Italien
The French conquest of Tunisia created many problems to the Tunisian Italians, who were seen as Le Peril Italien (the Italian danger) by the French colonial rulers[2](in Italian).
Buildings showing influence of the Italian "Liberty" architecture in Tunis
In Tunisian cities (like Tunis, Biserta and La Goulette) there were highly populated quarters called ?Little Sicily? or ?Little Calabria?. Italian schools, religious institutions, orphanages and hospitals were opened. The prevailing Italian presence in Tunisia, at both the popular and entrepreneurial level, was such that France set in motion with its experienced diplomacy and its sound entrepreneurial sense the process which led to the "Treaty of Bardo" and a few years later the "Convention of al-Marsa", which rendered Tunisia a Protectorate of France in 1881.
In this way France began its policy of economic and cultural expansion in Tunisia, opening free schools, spreading the French language and allowing, on request, French citizenship to foreign residents. Some Sicilians become French: in the 1926 Census there were 30,000 French "of foreign language" in Tunisia[5]. For example, attending free French schools, Mario Scalesi, the son of poor Sicilian emigrants, became a French speaker and in French wrote Les po?mes d?un maudit and was thus the first francophone poet from the Maghreb.
Even under the Protectorate the emigration of Italian workers to Tunisia continued unabated. Scalesi pinpointed that in 1910 there were 105,000 Italians in Tunisia, as against 35,000 Frenchmen, but there were only 1,167 holders of land among the former, with an aggregate of 83,000 hectares, whereas the Frenchmen include 2,395 landowners who had grabbed 700,000 hectares in the colony. A French decree of 1919 made the acquisition of real estate property practically prohibitive to the Tunisian Italians[6] and this French attitude toward the Italians paved the way for the Mussolini's complaints in the 1920s and 1930s.[3]
Another group of Italian people were those from Malta. British consular statistics show that by the beginning of the twentieth century there were 15,326 Maltese living in Tunisia [4]. The Maltese in Tunisia worked on farms, on the railways, in the ports and in small industries. They introduced different types of fruit trees which they had brought with them from Malta.
With the rise of Mussolini, the contrasts between Rome and Paris were sharpened also because the Italians of Tunisia showed themselves to be very sensitive to the fascist propaganda and many of them joined in compact form the nationalistic ideals of the Fascism of the "Duce" [5].
Indeed, the Tunisian Italians (unlike the Italians in Algeria) showed "to be defiantly nationalistic and robustly resistant to amalgamation" [7] and many of them refused - in many cases vehemently - to be naturalized by the French authorities.[6]
Fascist requests after 1938
The fact that the French government promoted actively the French citizenship between the Italians in Tunisia was one of the main reasons of the direct intervention of Mussolini in the Tunisian problems. From 1910 to 1926 the Italians were reduced by this French policy of assimilation from 105,000 to less than 90,000.
In the 1926 census of the Tunisian colony there were 173,281 Europeans, of which 89,216 were Italians, 71,020 French and 8,396 Maltese [8]. Indeed, this was a relative majority that made Laura Davi (in his "Memoires italiennes en Tunisie" of 1936) write that "La Tunisia ? una colonia italiana amministrata da funzionari francesi" (Tunisia is an Italian colony administered by French managers).
Tunis catholic cathedral, built in 1862 in Roman-bizantine style and actual meeting point of the last 900 Tunisian Italians.
Initially, during the 1920s, Fascism promoted only the defense of the national and social rights of the Italians of Tunisia against the tentative of amalgamation done by France[9]. Mussolini opened some financial institutions and Italian Banks (like the Banca siciliana) and some Italian newspapers (like L'Unione), but even Italian hospitals, teathers, cinemas, schools (primary and secundary) and health assistance organizations.
But in the late 1930s the ideals of Italia irredenta started to spread among the Tunisian Italians. As a consequence, mainly after 1938, Fascism promoted a moderate form of Italian irredentism between the Italians of Tunisia (based on their right to remain Italians).[7]. The fascist party of Tunisia actively recruited volunteers for Mussolini's wars (Spain, Ethiopia,etc..).
The March of Times (documentary of Time magazine) in 1939 stated that "...With 1 million trained soldiers and its powerful navy, Italy is in a position to execute its plan for Mediterranean conquest. Of all Mediterranean plums, none is so tempting to land-hungry Italy as France's North African protectorate?Tunisia. For nearly 60 years, Tunisia was reasonably contented. The country is fertile?a major producer of olive oil and fertilizer, it may also have oil. Tunisia has strategic importance in a major Mediterranean war and could make Rome again master of this sea.The French employ a Muslim figurehead, who, in return for his keep, is supposed to ensure that the Muslim population is content. The fascist imperial state of Italy has sent advance men sent into Tunisia, so that there are more Italians in French Tunisia than in all African colonies. Well supplied with fascist funds, Italy's consuls and their agents have long been busy systematically undermining French influence of authority. Italian banks are generous to Italian colonists, Italians have their own schools loyal to the fascist state of Italy, and many Tunisian newspapers are subsidized by Italy. Professional agitators are actively encouraging trouble, magnifying grievances, imaginary or real. Radio programs tell Muslims that Mussolini alone is their protector. Membership in the Fascist Party is all but compulsory for every Italian male in Tunisia, and refusing to join means virtual banishment. Granted free speech and free assembly by French law, fascist leaders in Tunisia have become loud and aggressive in demanding special privileges for Italians, at the same time denouncing the French government, which tolerates their activities. Italy is making buildings that are easily convertible to military use, and building up the civil population to support a mass takeover....." [8]
In 1940 Mussolini requested that France cede Tunisia (along with Djibouti, Corsica and Nizza) to Italy, when World War II was just beginning [9]. However it was only in November 1942 that Italian troops occupied (with Rommel's help) Tunisia and seized it from the Vichy regime. Tunisia administratively was added to Italy's Fourth Shore (in Italian Quarta Sponda) with Libya, in the last tentative attempt to realise Mussolini's project of Greater Italia.
Some Tunisian Italians participated in the Italian Army, but in May 1943 the Allies conquered all Tunisia and the French authorities closed all the Italian schools and newspapers[10]. From that moment the Italians were harassed by the French regime and so started a process of disappearance of the Italian community in Tunisia. This process was successively aggravated in the 1950s by the war of independence of the Tunisian Arabs against France[11].
In the 1946 census the Italians in Tunisia were 84,935, but in 1959 (3 years after many Italian settlers left to Italy or France after independence from France) they were only 51,702 and in 1969 less than 10,000. Today (2005) they are only 900, mainly concentrated in the metropolitan area of Tunis. Another 2000 Italians, according to the Italian Embassy in Tunis, are "temporary" residents, working as professionals and technicians in Italian companies in different areas of Tunisia.
Legacy
The influence of the Sicilian culture can be seen in these Tunisian pastries
The legacy of the Italians in Tunisia is extensive. It goes from the construction of roads and buildings to literature and gastronomy (many Tunisian dishes are heavily influenced by the Sicilian gastronomy[10])
The city of La Gouletta was practically created by Sicilian immigrants during the 19th century, with a quarter called "Piccola Sicilia" (Little Sicily, or "Petite Sicile" in French)[11].
In 1926 there were 2,449 Italians living in this city near Tunis (40,8% of a total population of 5,997), while the French population only numbered 772 [12].
The Italian international actress Claudia Cardinale, famous for the 1968 movie Once Upon a Time in the West of Sergio Leone, was born in La Gouletta in 1938.
Even the Tunisian language has many words borrowed from the Italian language.[13] For example, "koujina" from Italian "cucina" (kitchen), "fatchatta" from Italian "facciata" (facade), "trino" from Italian "treno" (train), "miziria" from Italian "miseria" (misery), "forchita" from Italian "forchetta" (fork), "jilat" from Italian "gelato" (ice cream), "guirra" from Italian "guerra" (war), etc....[12].
Language and Religion
Most Italian Tunisians speak Tunisian Arabic, French, and any of the native languages of Italy, Italian, Sicilian, and Neapolitan, while the assimilated ones speak Arabic and French only. In religion, most are Roman Catholic Christians, with a few converted Sunni Muslims.
Notable Tunisian Italians
Nicola Pietrangeli was inducted in the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1986.
Small lists of renowned Tunisian Italians:
* Nicola Pietrangeli, international tennis champion
* Claudia Cardinale, international actress.
* Loris Azzaro, international Designer
* Mario Scalesi, poet and writer.
* Laura Davi, writer.
* Antonio Corpora, painter.
* Niccol? Converti, politician and editor.
* Cesare Luccio, writer.
* Attilio Molco, lawyer and founder of the Tunisian "Dante Alighieri".
See also
* Italia irredenta
* Italian Empire
* Italian Mare Nostrum
* Tunisian Campaign
* Genoese empire
* Greater Italia
* Fourth Shore
* Italy?Tunisia relations
For original text with references see Wikipedia, "Italian Tunisians." | Contributed by: Courtesy of Wikipedia
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Tunis | | Date: Current | | Notes: "Map of Tunisia in 1902, when the Tunisian Italians were its biggest European community . The island of Tabarka can be seen in full resolution near the Algerian border." | Contributed by: Courtesy of Wikipedia
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Tunis | | Date: Current | | Notes: "Genoese fort at the island of Tabarka, near Biserta, in the northern coast of Tunisia facing Sardinia." | Contributed by: Courtesy of Wikipedia
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Tunis | | Date: Current | | Notes: "Tunis catholic cathedral, built in 1862 in Roman-bizantine style and actual meeting point of the last 900 Tunisian Italians." | Contributed by: Courtesy of Wikipedia
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Tunis | | Date: Current | | Notes: "Buildings showing influence of the Italian "Liberty" architecture in Tunis." | Contributed by: Courtesy of Wikipedia
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South Africa (English translation) | | Date: The 20th Century | Notes: Italo-South African
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
The Italian-South African Italians have emigrated to South Africa in recent centuries, and their descendants.
History
A few Catholic missionaries in South Africa 's Italian emigration was very limited until the. Some Italian merchants (as Theresa Viglione [1]) were present in small numbers alongside the Boeri, when did the Trek to the Transvaal and Natal, but only to the early twentieth century Italians formed a small community of several thousand people , concentrated in major cities of the 'Union of South Africa.
In 1900 there were 200 Italians in the Cape Colony before 1910 and about 1,200 in the Transvaal. Many were miners (seekers of gold), traders and manufacturers. But already in 1915 there were nearly 4000 Italians throughout South Africa, and among them many were professionals (especially engineers, doctors and lawyers) [2]
During Fascism, there was almost no Italian emigration to South Africa and the outbreak of World War II approximately eight hundred Italo-South African were interned for security reasons. [3]
"With the Second World War and entry into war against England, for the Italian community in South Africa was the beginning of a difficult period because the government of General Smuts allied with the British and about 800 internal Italians, Germans and with afrikaners in various concentration camps. During the first half of 1941 also came the first prisoners of war, whose number reached 90,000 units. The huge field that hosted them, Zonderwater (which means "without water"), true city-jail, still exists and every year in November, we held the official ceremony of commemoration of the dead to honor the over 400 prisoners buried there. At the end of the conflict, since May of 1945, the fellow survivors began to be repatriated, but 800 chose to stay and others returned 20000 [4]
At the end of the forties many thousands of ex-internees Italians, who had established working relationships with South African during their captivity, they decided to emigrate to South Africa. As in the case of the father's needs Fiasconaro Marcello, an Italian pilot shot down during a bombing in Kenya and interned in Zonderwater.
In the fifties, the South African government began to encourage the immigration of Italians, who are rooted primarily in the Cape Province. Later - with the start of 'Apartheid - was given to a selected stream of Italians even in order to increase the white population in South Africa.
In the early seventies there were over 40,000 Italians in South Africa, scattered in all provinces but concentrated in major cities. Some of these Italians took refuge in South Africa, escaping the decolonization of Rhodesia and other African countries.
In the nineties began a period of crisis for the Italian-South African and many returned to Europe, but most are gone by integrating successful multiracial society in contemporary South Africa.
Currently, the Italian community consists of more than 85,000 people, half of which have Italian citizenship. Those from the Veneto region are about 5,000, living mainly in Johannesburg [5], while the Italian regional communities are the most numerous south.
Eddie Firmani, American and Italian-South African coach
Italian community
A characteristic of 'Italian emigration to South Africa is that it occurred mainly after the Second World War, unlike almost all other substantial emigration from' Italy to other countries.
In fact, after the rise to power in 1948 of the National Party of inspiration boer, Italians were explicitly encouraged to emigrate to South Africa by the South African government, which saw in them a further contribution to the white minority that supported the power through the so-called "apartheid."
In a few years, the Italians grew from a few thousand to over 40,000 in the seventies, and economic positions occupied - and sometimes even political and administrative - to South Africa in the forefront of the "Whites". Environmental awareness on the Italian phenomenon of the 'apartheid' was made with considerable delay, due to the presence of Italians disrupted - often well integrated into the community boer - in South African territory.
However, among the first supporters of President Mandela, there were many Italian-South African, who correctly saw this in the only South African political solution to start a civil war (after the Soweto riots) that it was isolating South Africa from the world community over the years eighties.
Currently most of the Italo-South African living primarily in the metropolitan areas of Johannesburg and Cape Town, and in the cities of Durban, Port Elizabeth, Pretoria and East London. In addition, about 110,000 South African have Italian ancestry.
L 'Anagrafe Italian official record 28,059 Italians living in South Africa in 2007, excluding the South African double cttadinanza. [6]
Printing and Italian institutions
The Italian Press in South Africa consists mainly of three titles:
* The Official South African newspaper (Cape Town, since 2006), publisher and director Ciro Better. (Site)
* Together, bimonthly (Durban, 1989), publisher Comites Kwazulu Natal and the Italian Consulate in Durban, director Francis Coppola.
* The Voice, Weekly (Johannesburg, 1975), publisher and director Pier Luigi Porciani (ownership AIISA).
The major associations and institutions in Italy are:
* L 'Associazione Italiana Assistenziale Johannesburg, l' Unitas (Unione Italiana Assistenza) in Durban and the Fund Assistance Italiana (FAI) in Cape Town.
* The Club Recreational Anziani Italiani (CRAI) of Johannesburg and the Seniors Club of Cape Town.
* The Johannesburg Italian Ladies Society (JILS) of the Italian-South African women.
* La Casa Serena, home for the elderly, sought and achieved with direct grant from the Italian and South Africa currently supported in part by the Italian government and South African.
* The Italian School of Cape in Cape Town and Port Elizabeth. [7]
* The Dante Alighieri, present in Johannesburg, Cape Town and Durban, spreading the Italian culture and language in South Africa.
* Il Circolo Culturale Italo-South African (CCIS) and other Italian social clubs in Johannesburg, Pretoria, Cape Town, Durban, Benoni, Nigel, Vereeniging, Umkomaas, Ladysmith, Port Elizabeth and East London.
Don Mattera, the father and Italian mother Bantu, the "Katilist Theater" in Cape Town (September 2007)
Famous Italian-South African
* Marcello Fiasconaro, athlete (world record 800m in 1973) [1]
* Eddie Firmani, player and coach
* Karin Giannone, TV presenter [2]
* Don Mattera, politician and writer
* Rory Sabbatini, golfer
* Davide Somma, American
For original text with references see Italian Wikipedia, "Italo-South African."
| Contributed by: Text, Italian Wikipedia; machine translation by Google
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Egypt (English translation) | | Date: The 20th Century | Notes: Italian-Egyptian
From Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia.
An Italian-Egyptian is an Egyptian of Italian origin. The links between Italy and Egypt over the centuries lie: even up to the domination of Rome on the country, where the Egyptian gods were equivalent to the Roman gods. The Italian community reached its peak shortly before the Second World War, with 55,000 members, who took the third ethnic group in Egypt. The number of Italian-Egyptian decreased drastically after the war and the advent of Nasser to power, in a manner similar to other communities allofone (and as happened in the Maghreb cogli Italo-Tunisian). Most of the Italian-Egyptian returned home between 1950 to 1960, despite the mass exodus, an Italo-Egyptian still lives in the cities of Alexandria and Cairo.
Relations between the two states
The role of the Egyptian economic relations has always been linked to the number of Italians residing in the country. The first missions for the purpose of education that Mehmet Ali was organized directly in Italy, to learn the art of painting. Ali also attracted many Italians to be put at the service of the nascent state of Egypt: the quest for oil, the conquest of Sudan, the design and construction of the city of Khartoum and the mapping of the Nile delta. The court of Ismail Pasha was formed mainly by Italians. Ismail is the use of Italian architects to design and build most of its buildings, as well as many of the suburbs of Cairo and Khedivial Opera House, which was inaugurated by Giuseppe Verdi dall'Aida.
Italy also was the destination for the exile of the king of Egypt, Faruk.
The Italo-Egyptian
As we have said, just before the Second World War the Italian community was the second community in the country to greatness, just after the Greek community. The same Giuseppe Ungaretti was born in Egypt. Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram, February 19 1933, was published on its front page an article entirely devoted to Italian-Egyptian, written by historian Mark San Angelo, who said: "The people of Venice, Trieste, Genoa, Pisa, Livorno , Naples, Sicily and the Dalmatian continue to live in Egypt in spite of their native city are in decline and have lost their status as a maritime center. " San Marco, also placed emphasis on the monopoly of Italian exports.
The two largest Italian-Egyptian communities were those of Cairo (18,575 inhabitants in 1928) and Alexandria, Egypt (24,280 Italian-Egyptian in the same year). While tending to concentrate in their neighborhoods (like the Venetian quarter of Cairo) or along allofone with other communities, the Italian-Egyptians have always adopted the customs and usages Egyptians, as a way of dressing. For the Italians were built eight schools and 6 or 7 parochial schools, supervised by an officer sent by the Italian consul, for a total of approximately 1500 students.
Italians resident in Egypt were mostly merchants and craftsmen, who are left with time to add more and more workers have economic all'arretratezza Italian, which made it impossible to compete in Italy with investment from other nations, like France .
In the city of Alexandria in Egypt, where the Italian community had increased, rose, especially during the Fascist, many philanthropic organizations (even 22), as the State Opera House, the Society of Invalids and Veterans of War, the Federation of Workers Italians, the Italian Hospital Mussolini, the Italian Club and the Association Dante Alighieri. They were also founded several newspapers in Italian, including the East and the Egyptian messenger.
The testimony of the long stay and the Italian community in Egypt is still in the hundreds of Italian words in Egyptian colloquial spoken (especially in big coastal cities). St. Mark says that as a result of the spirit of tolerance of our people, their lack of a strong nationalist or religious sentiment that pushed the isolation, their aversion to feel superior. "
Some Italians born in Egypt
* Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, writer (Alexandria, Egypt 1876-Bellagio 1944)
* Giuseppe Ungaretti, poet (Alexandria, Egypt 1888-Milan 1970)
* Goffredo Alessandrini, director (Cairo 1904-Rome 1978)
* Riccardo Freda, director and screenwriter (Alexandria, Egypt in 1909 and Paris 1999)
* Sergio Cassingena, contractor (Cairo 1951)
* Demetrio Stratos, musician (Alexandria, Egypt 1945 - New York 1979), born of a Greek family, then it acquired the Italian nationality.
For original references see text with English language Wikipedia, "Italo-Egyptian."
| Contributed by: Text, Italian Wikipedia; machine translation by Google
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