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France (English translation) | | Date: The 20th Century | Notes: From French Wikipedia; machine translation by Google
Italian emigration and immigration
The Italy of the late nineteenth century until the middle of the twentieth century the century is rather a land of emigration and a reservoir to labor for the more industrialized countries of Europe, but also the States United States, it is now, one of the main "gateway" to Europe for immigrants from the African continent in particular, countries of Eastern Europe and former Yugoslavia, as well a destination for these migrants.
Emigration
The great migration
Once accomplished Italian Unity, the new Kingdom of Italy beginning, like other European powers, the industrial revolution. Italy is struggling to catch up with the already more advanced countries such as Germany or France, also suffering from a lack of energy materials, including coal, which is essential during this period.
Date on which the value of industrial production exceeded the value of agricultural production [1] - Date on which the number of workers employed in the industry has exceeded the number of workers employed in agriculture --
United Kingdom 1820 United Kingdom 1841
France 1845 Belgium 1890
United States 1879 Netherlands 1890
Germany 1890 Germany 1907
Norway 1900 United States 1920
Sweden 1900 Sweden 1920
Denmark 1925 Denmark 1950
Italy 1935 France 1954
Italy 1961
Finland 1970
Spain 1981
Accentuated by the demographic transition, leading to overcrowding in the countryside and the transformation of agrarian structures, Italy will face several major waves of emigration.
First wave: 1880-1914, the opening of the main channels of migration [edit]
The modern Italy which arose between 1860 and 1870 with the annexation of the southern half of the peninsula (the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies), then the final annexation of Papal States consists of 15 million inhabitants North plus 9 million of southerners (7 of the southern peninsula and in Sicily 2). Thus, in 1870, Italy has approximately 25 million (against about 40 million in Germany and around 30 million in the United Kingdom) [2]. During the unification of Italy, Naples - former capital of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies - becomes the largest city in the country and for a number of years. In 1900, Italy has just over 32 million.
A large part of Italy when unification is rural and in 1861, almost 70% of the population are farmers. Unification broke the feudal system: from the Middle Ages and especially in the south, the land was the inalienable property of aristocrats, religious organizations or the king. The breakdown of feudalism and the redistribution of land does not allow small farmers to live from their production. Many have only tiny plots to be divided over the succession heritage [3]. Italy does not produce enough food, the main cause is the lack of capital and their misuse, the rich landowners rather than improving their lands, prefer to acquire or invest in new capacity, which is the best sign of social progress. The impact of policy on health is important, in 1880, by the lack of programming plans for wetlands, 600 000 people are affected by malaria and in the countryside north of pellagra develops caused by poverty and malnutrition causing 104 000 cases.
From the late 1880s, Italy has particularly severe period of crisis characterized as "the darkest years of the Italian economy" by the historian G. Luzzatto, caused by three major events:
1. The commercial break with France
2. An agricultural crisis (aggravated by the breakdown above)
3. A real estate and banking crisis.
It was in this gloomy economic climate that begins the first mass exodus of Italians from abroad. At the same time forced by socio-economic transformations underway in the north of the Italian peninsula which affect land ownership, some farmers will be solicited by the mines and industries close industrialized European countries like France, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland and Luxembourg (mechanical, steel, textile) ... already missing labor.
The General Directorate of Statistics has started its first official study on emigration only from 1876. The figures show how emigration has increased dramatically:
Italian emigration by region 1876-1915
Extrapolating from the 25 million inhabitants of Italy at the time of unification, fertility and mortality, without taking into account emigration, the population should reach about 65 million in 1970 then it was, because of emigration at the beginning of the century, only 54 million [4].
Between 1876 and 1900 there were already over 220 000 annual Italian departures.
The average migration rate of only 8 ‰ in 1894, will rise to 10 ‰ in 1900, before peaking at 25 ‰ (ie 2.5% of total population) in 1913 with nearly 875 000 departures outside [5]. In all, between 1900 and 1915, it will be more than 8 million Italians will leave the Kingdom [6].
Emigration is not specifically controlled by the state. The migrants are often in the hands of officials concerned with their interests. The abuse led to a law first passed in 1888 to place emigration agencies under the control of the State [7].
The Law n.23 of 31 January 1901 creates a Commission to emigration which aims to grant licenses to carriers, fixed costs of tickets, order at ports of embarkation, monitoring health conditions for youth, the establishment of hostels and care facilities, and agreements with host countries to help take care of those arriving. This includes discussions on labor legislation in the U.S. it discriminates against foreign workers (1885) and even suspend, for a time, emigration to Brazil, where many emigrants are in unacceptable conditions [ 7]. All these measures promote emigration.
The movement of emigration almost all regions, including the most dynamic, as the Lombardy, Liguria, Italy plant. Although some of these rates are nevertheless lower than the average, since most populous, this northern Italian who provides a significant proportion of migrants to Europe, and south to the Americas.
Emigration to France
Retail icon Main article: History of immigration in France.
Factors that have contributed to the Italian emigration in France are many, France, which tends to contain the growth of its population can not rely on neighboring countries like Belgium or Switzerland, which, on the french model, have a economic development more than Italy [8]. France, whose development was earlier required to support its industrial development and colonial labor. The territorial proximity is an added bonus as well as the position of a host that France has traditionally been held in respect of political refugees.
The first wave of Italian emigration began in the late nineteenth century, notably in Savoy, with the arrival of peasants from Friuli, Piedmont, Genoa. After the first world war, a new wave is comprised of migrants driven by poverty and political refugees. Clashes with the existing population (especially because of rising unemployment in the thirties). The last wave moves in the fifties and sixties.
That northern Italy which provides the bulk of the workforce, particularly the Piedmont with 30% of migrants followed by Lombardy (20%) and Emilia Romagna (10%). The main settlements are near the borders, the Alpes-Maritimes (20%), Var (10%) and the Bouches-du-Rhône (12%) with Corsica is the third of the population transalpine . The second cluster consists of the departments close to the alpine zone with the Rhône, Savoie, Haute-Savoie and Isère. The third pole is the Seine, which has 24 000 Italians in 1896. Only after the first World War that new areas attract migrants, Lorraine, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Aquitaine (Lot-et-Garonne), the Gers.
Italian presence in France
In 1900, the Italians beyond for the first time the number of Belgians and in 1911 they became the first foreign group in France, at that time, they constitute 36% of migrants and 1% of the population [9].
In 2008, approximately four million French people of Italian origin [10].
Transatlantic migration
In the mid-1880s, over 50% of departures are to the Americas, including the 3 main destinations are the United States but also Brazil and Argentina. The inhabitants of the Mezzogiorno are the main migrants to attempt the adventure across the Atlantic, with nearly 70% of departures to the Americas between 1900 and 1914.
Italian Emigrants - annual averages: Date Destinations transoceanic Total Percentage
1886 - 1890 221,669 131,005 59%
1891 - 1895 256,510 147,443 57%
1896 - 1900 310,434 161,901 52%
1901 - 1904 [11] 510012 ... ...
1905 - 1907 739,661 458,303 62%
1908 486,674 228,573 47%
1909 - 1913 679,152 404,942 60%
1914 459,152 233,214 51%
The United States
Icon Retail article: Italian Immigration to the United States and Ellis Island.
Italians in Mulberry Street, Manhattan: one of the streets of Little Italy.
In the United States, many of them do not stay long: 20% to 30% return in Italy. They are forced to accept positions in physically arduous and most dangerous. They live in conditions that Americans themselves have never tolerated. In the 1890s, Italians accounted for 90% of employees of Public Works of the City of New York and half of them are handlers. Or 60% of these workers were former farmers or sharecroppers accustomed to hard work, as demonstrated by a study conducted in 1903 for the City of New York.
The influx of Italians generates a wave of violence among Americans since long established in the territory, according to them responding to stereotypes (they are said dirty, illiterate, dangerous agitators, anarchists, etc.).. After the assassination of police chief of New Orleans by a member of the Mafia, in March 1891, the Italians are the focus of demonstrations across the country. Therefore, the United States are beginning to question the problems linked to immigration of populations, including Southern and Eastern Europe.
Brazil [edit]
Icon Retail article: Italian Immigration in Brazil.
In Brazil, between 1870 and 1920 this migration took nearly 1, 25 million people, mainly in coffee plantations in the region of Sao Paulo. According to the Italian Embassy in Brasília, 25 million Brazilians are descendants of Italian immigrants. This population is regarded as the most important oriunde ( "descendants of Italians") outside of Italy.
Italian immigration to Brazil, by region of origin (1876-1920) [12]
Migration within the European industry
As of 1880, as we saw earlier, mining and power industries in Europe (including France, Belgium and Germany) lack of manpower in the coming draw landless peasant families, in northern Italy . These workers are unskilled in these countries in other jobs such as road works, railways, building. These emigrants settled in France, Belgium, and Germany, found mainly in the valleys of the Meuse and the Moselle (France), Ruhr (Germany) and Wallonia (Belgium-Borinage) and in a few large industrial cities (Paris, Lyon, Marseille).
When the war of 1914-1918 thousands of Italians were dismissed European countries and many were forced to return, often in the countryside north of the peninsula, where their family, or if engage in the army.
As described by François Cipollone in a lecture at the Festival of Geography in Saint-Die, "This massive return to the homeland, some have returned to enlist in the army, reminded many of fellow that 's they were trans-they were not stateless. They were the "other Italy" which had done little to not participate in the development of the country, the inflow of foreign currency. It can be both a world citizen and a citizen of his country, his village. "
An estimated 350 to 000 emigrants who passed through the station of Milan between July and August 1914. This will result in slow but not stop, migration started: it does not leave that 1.1 million of Italians during the 4 years (against 2.7 during the previous 5 years). The majority of them migrate to the Americas.
Some authors were able to demonstrate an influx of capital in the peninsula due to the money saved by the emigrants. Between 1891 and 1900, more than 249 million lire are repatriated each year. This capital had the effect of bringing the new money on the Italian market and the possibility to give the country not only the means to maintain its exports, without increasing excessively the disequilibrium in its balance of payments, but to indirectly strengthen the value of the lira on international financial markets.
European emigration
Efforts to limit the immigration and emigration Italian in the world [edit]
After the First World War, Italian European immigrants who had returned home during the conflict returned with their families, often enlarged in the meantime. Other Italian families follow, moving in the same places that migrants in the first wave, close to the industries and mines in northern Europe, faced with the reconstruction and the disappearance of main-d ' work due to 4 years of conflict, but also in rural areas as farmers, particularly as in the south of France.
In the United States, the Congress vote Quota Act that are allowed to immigrate to the United States than 3% of nationalities present on American soil in 1910. In 1924, Congress strengthened the law by passing the National Origins Act, which are allowed to immigrate only 2% of each community as it was in 1890. This law was enacted to avoid the massive emigration of people in the South and Eastern Europe.
The arrival to power of fascism in Italy will effectively cut ties with some host countries such as Brazil, at the same time the government of Benito Mussolini began to control the movement of people who leave the country.
Mussolini regulates and oversees all internal migration and external, and encourages children and advocates a return to the motherland. Even with a policy of prestige and arming supposed relaunch the Italian economy, it fails to arrest the movement of people. Thus, while this array does not prevent the departure of some 2.6 million emigrants many opponents of the fascist regime.
Faced with the closure of borders as the United States and Brazil (with the policy of "anti-migration of fascism"), these migrants adjust their strategies and go to countries such as France and Argentina that remain open. Both countries host 45% and 20% of Italian immigrants during the two wars. In France there are over 800 000 Italian nationals to be counted in the census of 1931.
During the crisis of 30 years, industries massively redundant, some regions / countries of Italian immigrants return to their ground. Others adapt, as in the Moselle, where, despite the recession, some of them still working on the Maginot Line.
With the start of the Second World War, many immigrants settled in Europe will have to return to their families in Italy. There are about 150 000 Italians who came from France. But during this period, vessels continue, since the ports of Genoa or Naples, to fuel immigration to the United States, although become more restrictive.
Beginning in 1945, last great wave of Italian migration
At the end of the war, Italy is the only developed country that has not completed its demographic transition. Thus, it enjoys a large workforce, but also better trained than at the beginning of the century, often remaining inactive. At a time when all other countries are in the era of reconstruction, this workforce Italy began to be popular in other European countries but also in Argentina. The Italian state will try to "sell" its emigrants to the highest bidder. For example, with Belgium, where, on 23 June 1946, was signed in Rome, the Memorandum of Economic Agreement between Italy and Belgium, for sending 50 000 Italian workers against the supply of three million tons of coal annually and with Germany in 1955 which is guaranteed by the mutual commitment to migration which brings nearly 3 million Italians across the border to seek "fortune."
These agreements are part of the change trajectories of post-war destinations outside Europe crashing: The United States will accept, based on 50 years, that family reunification and Latin America is in full economic and political crisis.
France, alone, receives up to the mid-1970s 1.8 million immigrants became transalpine and since the 1930s, the first host country. Italians in this country are now "invisible": "they are welcomed as cousins a little turbulent, but frequent. But this country is progressively moved to other destinations such as Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg and Switzerland, where working conditions and wages are better. The Italy of the late 1950s had its boom economico, "born of the re-establishment of an industry little affected by the war, an injection of money, and especially the demand in Western Thirty Glorieuses, cheap Italian products (favored by low wages and the beginning of the opening up of Europe). [ref. necessary]
At the beginning of the twenty-first century, 600 000 Italian citizens are fourth generation in Germany especially original Sicilian, Calabrian and Apulian while 500 000 in Switzerland plus the Venetians and Émilien [13]. Many have a dual passport and can vote in both nations.
In Belgium and Switzerland, the Italian community remains the largest foreign representation although many have returned to Italy at retirement, often the children and grandchildren remained in the country of birth where they now have their roots.
Internal migration
Internal migration are high during the 1950s and 1960s, they are essentially of two types:
1. The movement of rural youth to cities for reasons of study.
2. The move to the industrial cities of the north-west by young boys with a low level of education. Women migrate in a second time following the principle of family reunification.
Since 1995, the institute SVIMEZ (Institute of Development mezzogiorno) began to observe the recovery of internal emigration. The origin of the flow continues to move parts of the Mezzogiorno, but the destination is to the north-east and part of the center. The most active are the East Lombardy, Veneto, Emilia-Romagna, Tuscany and Umbria.
People of Italian origin
* Brazil: 25 million [14].
* Argentina: 18 million [15]
* United States: 16 million [16]
* France: 1.5 million [15]
* Canada: 1.3 million
* Uruguay: 1 million [15]
* Australia: 1 million
* Germany: almost 1 million.
Anti-Italianism related to immigration [edit]
Italophobie The phenomenon is especially present in countries in North America and northern Europe characterized by a large Italian immigration to cover the economic sectors considered painful, such as minors and the local people refused for health reasons and social conveniences.
Some historical examples
* In 1890 in New Orleans were lynched eleven Italians, Sicilians all accused of killing the police chief urban [17].
* In August 1893 Aigues-Mortes is the scene of conflict between french and Italian workers employed in the salt Pecci, ending with nine dead and hundreds wounded among Italian workers. The tension which followed almost the two countries to war [18].
* The New York Times "published on 1 January 1894" We have in our city about 30 000 Italians from almost all of the Neapolitan province where up to recently, the robbery was the domestic industry. There is nothing strange in that these thugs continue their original "violence is presented as an imported product associated with the culture and tradition of Italian immigrants [19].
* During the trial of Italian anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti in Boston in 1927, the sentiment against immigrants in Italy appears evident and contributes to be the decisive factor in their death sentence.
Terms used to name the Italians [20] [edit]
* Maccarone (utilizzato negli anni'50 e'60 in Belgio Minatori italiani contro i)
* Spaghetti
* Spagettifresser (mangespaghetti in German speaking countries. Fressen means that the animal eats)
* Los Polpettoes
* Pizzagang
* Garlic
* Calzonee
* But (in Switzerland eating polentapolentone)
* Mozzarellanigger
* Greaseball (in the United States, for the cleanliness and mode of brilliantine)
Dago * (in the United States, used for Latin, Diego or dagger, knife)
* Gino (for women: Gina)
* Guido (female: Guidetti)
Goombah * (in the New York area, the Italian compare, through dialect cumpa)
* Wop (the Neapolitan guappo)
* Wog (used against all people of dark skin but not black)
Itaka * (in Germany, play on words between Italy and Itaca referring to vagrants)
* Italian technician
* Carcamano (Brazil, means evil, thief, action overloading the balance with the hand)
* Tschinggali (in Switzerland, in late nineteenth century, the transcript of his five!, Used in a game practiced by the Italians)
* Minghiaweisch (in Switzerland to the Italian second generation)
* Tony (in the United States with the intention of highlighting this very common surname and also a play on words, Antonio Tony = = TO NY NY At translation = he who comes to New York)
Immigration
Italy, a destination of the post-war [edit]
The most massive arrivals of immigrants on Italian soil are a recent phenomenon that began in the 1970s, from the time when Italy is experiencing strong economic growth period.
Since the 60s, there is the first post-colonial migration (with the return of Italian Libya, Africa's north-east, coupled with the departure of some populations in Ethiopia, Eritrean and Somali) and the return of Italian emigrants Latin America (during the economic crisis and political crisis in this region at the time), began to announce the phenomenon.
The implementation of migration to Italy [edit]
As we have seen above, with the emergence of political crises (decolonization), and economic (including South America), migrants or descendants of Italian migrants, returning to the country experiencing a booming economy, called often "Italian economic miracle" (or miracolo economico economico boom by many economists, the GDP rising by 6.1% per year on average in the 50 years and 5.8% in 60 years, driven by industrial production, the only equivalent being Japan).
With the economic crisis, which occurred after the boom, from mid-70s, the main countries of immigration from Northern Europe will try to "close" their borders gradually. Italy became a land with few constraints, as it has so far no legislation and practices, to control the flow of entries (unlike its neighbors). Moreover being a tourist area, it facilitates the influx of people seeking work and willing to accept a situation of irregularity.
The arrival of these migrants is not limited by the relative poverty of these people between their country of departure and the Italian soil, but also by the new demands of the economy and the host society who need labor, especially for low-skilled work.
Some seasonal sectors such as hospitality, agriculture, construction will soon appeal to those 60-70 years of foreign labor cost, due to the recent disappearance of the poorest of the Mezzogiorno, in internal flows south-north. Since the 80s, there are a large number of immigrants living in provinces such as Tuscany, Campania, Lazio ... accepting precarious work, due to the irregularity of their situation. These flows without increasing or political forces, nor the Italian public opinion can move them particularly. No special measures will be taken in relation to this phenomenon before 1986. So far the measures concerning the entry and stay of foreigners in Italy are based on texts by 1931.
In 1986 the first measures designed to regulate foreigners already present in Italy and plan the flow to come. In 1989 the law was passed Martelli (named after the interior minister at the time), which lays the foundations for immigration control and permits at the same time the regularization of about 700 000 foreigners.
Once the borders of Italy are starting to close also taking entries mostly clandestine routes (especially from North Africa and Albania), which will take place during the 1990s to several adjustments.
Historical flow of migrants since the 1980s
In the words of Clara Gallini, in his article on racism in Italy: "Italy is facing the influx of a cheap labor, which was dispersed in various regions to occupy multiple functions. In Sicily, North Africa hope onto fishing boats, in Campania, foreigners with different backgrounds are waiting to be hired as seasonal agricultural workers and live in crowded slums [...]. In large cities the unemployed and homeless shelter seeking shelter in temporary dormitories while maids South American or from the Philippines, are sleeping on sofas lounges and entrust their children to nurseries solidarity. Small industries in the north, benefiting from recent economic boom, there is a small number of workers dispersed but steadily increasing. In Tuscany, a minority of Chinese organized in craft workshops. Everywhere, you see the squares and street vendors beaches north African and Senegalese, "nomads" in search of a more sedentary lifestyle always precarious. Perhaps fewer, certainly the most visible, they already have a name: vu'cumpra ', "you want to buy? "[...]"
Since the 1980s, there has been an intensification of arrivals from the south shore of the Mediterranean. For Tunisians already present in the agricultural south of the peninsula, and stabilize, in addition Moroccans, Egyptians (characterized by a migration path much more stable, whose destination is almost exclusively the major urban areas, Milan in particular) and, especially from the 1990s, Algerians. But it was the Moroccan community which has risen to become the largest until the early 2000s (see doc3).
The 1980 is also the front of immigration from sub-Saharan Africa, previously ad hoc basis. Especially in West Africa that supplies these flows can be distinguished among them migrants from Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Burkina Faso, Nigeria ... At the same time, immigration for the jobs of domestic work intensifies, aliens already present in Asia (Philippines ...) also added South America (Peru ...).
But the 1990s was characterized not only by the consolidation of existing migratory flows but also by the sudden appearance of new developments in all countries of Western Europe, related to the fall of the Iron Curtain and the demise of the Soviet regime. The arrival of thousands of Albanians during the spring and summer 1991 in the port of Bari symbolizes the opening of this new "frontier" Eastern.
Foreigners today on Italian soil [edit]
Today, with the opening of Europe to the east, the European continent is in the first place (with 47.9%) followed distantly by Africa (23.5%) in terms of foreign . After the last adjustment, the ranking of nationalities change significantly. Following the disappearance of visas for Romanians, requests for regulation by the latter represent a fifth of all applications for residence permits (150 000). Thus, the Romanian community has become the most important, while Morocco and Albania in 2003 are far behind, even if they show a slight increase.
The main nationalities in Italy
in 2000 [21] - The main nationalities in Italy
in 2003 [22] --
Morocco 149 500 Romania 239 426
115 Albania 800 Albania 233 616
Philippines 61 000 Morocco 227 940
54 Serbia 700 Ukraine 112 802
Romania 51 600 China 100 109
United States 47 600 Philippines 73 847
China 47 100 Poland 65 847
000 Tunisia 44 Tunisia 60 572
37 Senegal 400 Senegal 47 762
Germany 35 400 India 47 170
Sri Lanka 29 900 Peru 46 964
28 Ecuador 300 Egypt 45 859
Poland 27 700 Egypt 44 798
Peru 26 500 Sri Lanka 41 539
India 25 600 --
Other countries 470 000 --
Total 1 252 000
1 409 251
Which EU 145 800 --
As can be seen in the previous tables, Italy played a key role in the immigration of people from Africa, including North Africa, Moroccan in 2001 are the first foreign population of the peninsula, with nearly 150 000 citizens, mainly distributed in provinces of northern Italy (see map). There are also Tunisiens (44 000 foreigners), Egyptians, but Algerians and Libyans.
The distribution of foreigners in the area revealed today a large proportion of foreigners legally in large urban and industrial areas and a significant presence in the predominantly agricultural areas or when informal trade is developed (see map Distribution of immigrants settled in Italy in 2002).
In 2005, in Italy there were almost 2.8 million foreigners, but this figure only refers to official presence and do not take account of the clandestine estimated between 300 000 and 400 000 people. This figure however includes foreigners from the most developed countries like the United States, Switzerland, France ...
The consequences of this recent immigration [edit]
The confused and lax policy of the Italian government in the mid-90 opens a debate between political parties, some consider it as to stop this "invasion." Some political parties like the League Lombarde believes that only the repression that can stop this phenomenon. Nevertheless, the Northern League in this immigration, the legitimacy of their old separatist claims between north and south, the Mezzogiorno, as is the land of origin of several mafia involved in this illegal immigration. But those reserves will not prevent the Berlusconi government in 2002 to proceed with the regularization of over 700 000 illegal immigrants.
If governments act by "realism", regardless of their political currents, the public as a whole is sensitive to the risks of spillage associated with these insécuritaires immigrants, conveyed by the media ignoring the economic role that they deserve. The Romanian daily Cotianul estimated that migrants from countries that contribute about 11 billion euros per year to the country's wealth and the headline on the front of 6 November 2007: " 'Romani di merda' produ 11 billion pe an in Italia. "
Italy is also the European country with the largest number of foreigners homeless. Thus a country with the number of immigrants is higher than that of Italian among the homeless. In general, there is a dualism of important real estate market that shows a process of social exclusion, characterized by a real discrimination in access to housing. Indeed, migrants are reserved dwellings in poor condition, those we do not even propose to the Italian and in addition, at exorbitant prices: it is low, that housing located downstairs of floor or at least dark and unhealthy in central cities or the worst housing urban peripheries. The housing is very popular among the illegal immigrants: disused factories and abandoned farms and shantytowns like Villa Literno in Caserta, called the "ghetto", which was burned in 1995.
The gradual integration of immigrants in Italian society
It is observed that the adjustments made by the various governments have had the effect each time to create new calls illegal. Indeed, after obtaining the papers, those aliens are leaving the jobs they once were, faute de mieux. And in many cases, the professional integration of migrants is neglected in activities by the Italians and the Anglo-Saxon sociology defined by three D: dirty, dangerous, demanding (dirty, dangerous, difficult).
These immigrants are trying to gradually integrate into Italian society, supported by NGOs and the church (still very influential in Italy) with Caritas for example, requesting a better policy of family reunification, the recognition of rights and access to citizenship.
Two examples illustrate the process of stabilization and integration within the Italian company set up by migrants in the absence of an effective integration policy:
* First, include the increasing role of self-employment of migrants. Foreign entrepreneurs are only 170 000 in the peninsula (see document 6), a figure that has doubled since the late 90s. The most popular sectors are construction, food (especially exotic), crafts, services (call centers), agriculture and construction.
Doc 6:
It says: Already 170 000 of them have established their business - 30 000 in Lombardy, Moroccan in mind.
Source: Il Sole 24 Ore, 7 February 2005
* Another index of stabilization of foreign populations: the presence of families (there was an increase in family reunification and residence permits for family reasons, or 400 000 residence permits, 60% in the North) and especially the presence of minors . These are the data on the education of minors who stress the extremely rapid evolution of the foreign presence: in the early 1990s there were only 180 000 in 2004 were 420 000 (see document 7).
Doc 7:
It says: The school record in the class of aliens - 420 000. In the north, 7 / 100 are not Italians.
Source: La Repubblica, 10 September 2005
Development of racism in the Italian population
Italy, until the 1970s, was much more a land of emigration and immigration, although small groups of foreign (minority) were already on their soil. The absence of any legislation to control these flows from the time when these foreigners are becoming increasingly important, in addition to the image portrayed by the media, the people concerned.
At the end of 80 years, Italy is faced with the violence first so-called "racist". For example, in Naples on 20 June 1989, a man armed with a gun, leaves home and takes on a Moroccan: "They are niggers, I do not want here! He had four as neighbors, which exaspérait. Newspapers provide information without giving it much importance. But the media are much more fond of violence in the opposite direction ...
Attempted homicide explicit motivate a series of alarming. On 23 December 1991 in Bologna, two to four young armed approaching a nomad camp and killing two women. Momentum a few days later, in a nomad camp, then in Jesi, where a girl is injured by two of shotgun. The Bologna is claimed by a "white Europe" in Rome by the racist tract. Beyond their consequences, these episodes appear to be very serious as they appear to refer to more structured forms of paramilitary and fascist, as they exist in the countries of Northern Europe.
Migration policy limited
In first place in Europe that the Italian policy vis-à-vis immigration is disputed. The various parties that have succeeded in power for 90 years, have made many adjustments as we have seen previously. At a ministerial meeting in Cannes in 1995, the European partners have tried to put pressure on Italy to abandon such policies. The reason is hidden in the era of "closed borders" against immigration, the main receiving countries (Germany, France, United Kingdom ...) fear that Italy is only a step migration: Italy is a member of the Schengen area, foreigners who obtain a regularization can move and settle in their own desires or needs in this space.
Moreover, like Spain, part of their peninsula and the difficulty of monitoring all of their coastline, Italy is one of the doors of illegal immigration (see map of illegal immigrants in Europe). The main flow comes mainly from Albania, Tunisia and Turkey. But north of the country is developing a clandestine immigration from the former communist countries of Eastern Europe to Italy but also other European countries. Faced with the demands of its European partners, it is difficult for authorities to monitor all these flows, as many entries are in the territory.
Especially the conflict from different communities, leading to a climate of insecurity that worry people. The debate was notably revived recently with the discovery of a 47-year-old Roman murdered near a Gypsy camp, the main suspect is an immigrant Romanian 24ans and at a time when the Italian Ministry of the Interior publishes its figures confirm an increase in crime in the territory. This noise is often attributed to gangs of all nationalities (the most mentioned being the Albanian mafia, Romanian, etc. ..) that control the bulk of flights to the tire or trafficking of all kinds.
Since that case, the Italian government decreed the expulsion of immigrant offenders (including Romania), even if they are citizens. As the headline in the Romanian daily Cotidianul in its issue of 5 November 2007: the authorities are trying to react before the voters did not participate in politics, the Italian press (La Stampa, Il Sole-24 Ore ,...) s' greatly inspired by the example of the failure of election in 2002 in France.
Conclusion
Italy, since its unification in the nineteenth century, was one of the main suppliers of labor from northern European countries but also countries of the Americas (North and South). Long flow of migrants have settled around the world with varying degrees of difficulty.
From the years 1960 - 70, departures are offset by the arrival, first of migrant families returning to the country then, after 80 years, populations of North Africa and Equatorial to overcome the lack of -d 'poor low-skilled work and necessary for certain activities (including agriculture). Not prepared for this reversal of situation, Italy has struggled to find its own immigration policy. The Italian model of its first known limits in the late 1980s who struggle to coexist people of these new populations and essential to key sectors of local economies in the country.
But aging increasingly important to the Italian population (having now a natural balance negative, -0.5 ‰ in 2005 according to Eurostat), immigration will appear increasingly as a necessity. Italy could become a major country was faced with all the migration of the last two centuries: economic migration from the late nineteenth early twentieth century, emigration policy during fascism and economic migration in the late twentieth century.
| Contributed by: Text, French Wikipedia; machine translation by Google
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Venezuela | | Date: The 20th Century | Notes: Italo-Venezuelans
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Flag of Italy Italo-Venezuelans Flag of Venezuela
Notable Italo-Venezuelans
Jaime Lusinchi · Renny Ottolina · Pompeo D'Ambrosio
Johnny Cecotto · Franco De Vita
Total population
310,000
of whom 213,000 with Italian citizenship (census 1971)
Regions with significant populations
Caracas, Valencia, Maracaibo, Puerto La Cruz, Maracay, Mérida and surrounding areas.
Languages
Italian, Spanish
Religion
Roman Catholic
Italo-Venezuelans are the Venezuelan citizens of Italian descent. The word may refer to someone born in Venezuela of Italian descent or to someone who has emigrated to Venezuela from Italy. Among European Venezuelans, Italians are the largest groups of immigrants to settle in the country.
History
Before the discovery of huge deposits of oil in Venezuela, during the first half of the XX century, the emigration of Italians to Venezuela was very limited. Only a few hundreds (like Agostino Codazzi) moved to Venezuela from Italy during the colonial times and the Simón Bolívar era.
But in the 1940s and 1950s the Venezuelan President Marcos Pérez Jiménez promoted the European immigration to his depopulated country, and so more than 300,000 Italians moved in (even if many returned later to Italy).
The Italians in the 1961 Venezuelan census were the biggest European community in Venezuela (ahead of the Spanish). In 1976 the "Dirección de Estadísticas" of Venezuela registered 210,350 Italians residents and 25,858 Italians "naturalized" (who got Venezuelan citizenship).[1]
Marisa Vannini calculated that in the eighties the Italo-Venezuelans were nearly 400,000, including (and in addition to the Italians emigrated from Italy) more that 120,000 descendants of second generation. Actually, the Italian language in Venezuela is influencing with some modisms and loanwords the Venezuelan Spanish and is experiencing a notable revival between the Italo-Venezuelans of second and third generation.
Santander Laya-Garrido estimated that the Venezuelans with at least one grandparent from Italy can be nearly one million at the beginning of the XXI century (like the former president of Venezuela, Raul Leoni, whose grandfather was an Italian mason refugee of the XIX century).
Actually the Italians resident in Venezuela are reduced to less than 50,000 due mainly to demographic mortality and to their return to Italy (because of a Venezuelan political and economic crisis in the 2000s).[2]
Italian population in Venezuela
Census Year Venezuelan population Italian population % Italians over foreigners % Italians over total population
1881 2,075,245 3,237 6.6 0.15
1941 3,850,771 3,034 6.3 0.07
1950 5,091,543 136,705 31.1 3.01
1961 7,523,999 113,631 24.6 1.51
1971 10,721,522 213,000 22.3 1.99
2001 23,054,210 49,337 4.86 0.04
[edit] Professions of the Italo-Venezuelans
Initially the agriculture was one of the main activities of the Italian community in Venezuela. In the fifties entire Italian families were moved from Italy to special agricultural areas, like in the "Colonia Turén" of the Portuguesa region.[3]
But most of the Italians concentrated in commercial, building and services activities during the second half of the XX century. In those sectors the Italians reached the top levels of the Venezuelan economy.
The main Italian newspapers of the community are Il Corriere di Caracas and La Voce d'Italia [1], both published in the Capital, while the main Italian school is the Agustin Codazzi of Caracas (with courses from elementary to high school). Since 2002, the Italian Government has become the promoter for a provision which makes it mandatory to teach the Italian language as a second language in a consistent number of public and private schools within Venezuela.[4]
Indeed, the Italo-Venezuelans have obtained significant results in the contemporary society of Venezuela. The Italian Embassy calculates that 1/4 of the Venezuelan industries, not related to the oil sector, are directly or indirectly owned and/or managed by Italo-Venezuelans.[5]
Daniela Di Giacomo, Miss International 2006
In the Italian community, actually one of the most important in Venezuela, there are Presidents of Venezuela (like Jaime Lusinchi and Raul Leoni), entrepreneurs (like ing. Delfino, who with his "Constructora Delpre" made in Caracas the tallest skyscrapers of South America: Parque Central Complex), managers (like Pompeo D'Ambrosio), sportmen (like Johnny Cecotto), artists (like Franco De Vita), beauty pageants (like Daniela di Giacomo and Nina Sicilia), and many others personalities.
Notable Italo-venezuelans
* Jaime Lusinchi. President of Venezuela (1984-1989)
* Raul Leoni. President of Venezuela (1963-1968)
* Agostino Codazzi. Geographer, Cartographer, Military Officer, Governor
* Renny Ottolina. Artist, TV Anchor, Politician
* Pompeo D'Ambrosio. Financial Manager, Vice-President of Bank
* Johnny Cecotto. Sportman (moto & race cars)
* Daniela Di Giacomo. Miss International 2006
* Ivan Palazzese. Sportman (moto)
* Franco De Vita. Artist, Singer, Composer, Pianist
* Marco Scutaro. International Baseball Player
* Italo Pizzolante. Poet, Composer, Musician
* Viviana Gibelli. TV Host and Actress
Geographical distribution and origin
The Italians moved to Venezuela mainly from the poor regions of South Italy (like Sicily), but even from the north (Emilia-Romagna and Veneto).
Areas where the Italian community is concentrated
The Italian Consulate in Caracas stated[6] that in 1977 - of 210,350 Italians residents in Venezuela - 39,855 were from Sicily, 35,802 from Campania, 20,808 from Abruzzi, 18,520 from Puglia, but even 8,953 from Veneto, 7,650 from Emilia-Romagna and 6,184 from Friuli-Venezia Giulia.
The Italians are concentrated mainly in the north-central region of Venezuela around Caracas. The Consulate stated that in the same 1977 there were 98,106 Italians in the Distrito Federal of Caracas, 39,508 in Miranda State, 14,203 in Maracaibo, 12.801 in Aragua State and 8,104 in Carabobo State, but even 66 in the Amazonas equatorial region.
Actually, in the 2000s, nearly 90% of the Italo-Venezuelans are concentrated in the northern coastal section of Venezuela facing the Caribbean sea. Approximately 2/3 of them are residents of the metropolitan areas of the three main Venezuelan cities: Caracas, Maracaibo and Valencia.
[edit] Main Italo-venezuelan Institutions and Associations
* Asociación Civil "Agustin Codazzi" in Caracas
* Casa de Italia in Caracas, Maracay, Valencia, Ciudad Bolívar
* Centro Italo-Venezolano in Caracas, Barcelona, Maracaibo, Valencia.
* Club Social Italiano in Puerto La Cruz, Acarigua
* Deportivo Italia Football Club
* Instituto Italiano de Cultura in Caracas[7]
* Camera di Commercio, Industria ed Agricoltura Venezuelana-Italiana in Caracas
* Regional Associations of Italians in Venezuela[8]
* Genealogía Italiana en Venezuela http://www.italven.org
| Contributed by: Courtesy of Wikipedia
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Venezuela | | Date: Current | Notes: Italian language in Venezuela
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Italian language in Venezuela has been present since colonial times in the area around Caracas and Maracaibo. The language is found in many modisms and words of the Venezuelan Spanish language.
History
The same name of Venezuela comes from the Italian Amerigo Vespucci, who called the area "Little Venice" in a typical Italian expression. Some Italians participated in the first European colonies in Venezuela, mainly in the island of Margarita and in Cumana, the first European city in the Americas, but their influence in the local language was very limited.
During the Venezuelan Wars of Independence some Italians helped Simón Bolivar against the Spanish Empire and they brought some Italian military words to the Venezuelan Spanish language. The military officer Agostino Codazzi created the first "Atlante" of Venezuela and - as a consequence - many geographical words in Venezuela are loanworded from the Italian.
In the second half of the 20th Century, more than 300,000 Italians moved to Venezuela and left - linguistically - many words in the local language: "Ciao" (English: Hi) is now a usual friendly salute in Caracas, for example. There are even expressions in the local young people that mix Italian and Spanish words: "Muérete que chao" is an example.
Areas (in yellow) where the Italian language is spoken in Venezuela by the Italian community
Today, some young Italo-Venezuelans use a slang with Italian dialect words and Spanish in Caracas to communicate between them.
Italian language teaching in Venezuela
In the 2000s there are nearly 50,000 Italians residents in Venezuela, who speak the Italian language and/or the Italian dialects with their sons and daughters (the second generation Italo Venezuelans.
The teaching of the Italian language is starting to be better implemented between the nearly one million Venezuelans who are Italian descendants [1], but there are only a few Italian language Institutions in Venezuela.
According to the Italian Embassy in Caracas the "...Italian language teaching is guaranteed by the presence of a consistent number of private Venezuelan schools and institutions, where Italian language courses and Italian literature are active. Other similar courses are organized and sponsored by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Regional Associations. The Didactic Office of the General Consulate of Caracas, together with this Embassy, is negotiating an Agreement with the Venezuelan Authorities for the recognition of the Study Diplomas emitted by the Italian School (in Venezuela there is a Civil Association called "Agostino Codazzi" which offers the complete didactic cycle from elementary to high school) so that there can be access to the University system in Venezuela with an Italian high school diploma. Since 2002, the Italian Government has become the promoter for a provision which makes it mandatory to teach Italian as a second language in a consistent number of public and private schools within Venezuela..." [2]
List of some Italian words in the Venezuelan Spanish
* Balurdo. Strange kind of stupid. From the Italian "Balordo".
* Barco. From the Italian "Barca" (boat).
* Calarse. To digest (or sustain) something bad. From the Italian "Calarsi" with the same meaning.
* Chao. Friendly salute. From the Italian "Ciao" (English: Hi).
* Comadre. Stepmother. From the Italian "Comare".
* Compadre. Stepfather (and even: "special friend"). From the Italian "Compare"
* Cretino. Stupid. From the Italian "Cretino".
* Espagueti. Food. From the Italian "Spaghetti".
* Facista. Fascist. From the Italian "Fascista".
* Gafo. Stupid. From the Italian "Cafone" (low class peasant).
* Lasaña. Food. From the Italian "Lasagna" (a food made with pasta and meat).
* Macho. Strong man. From the Italian "Maschio".
* Mafioso. Criminal. From the Italian "Mafioso".
* Milanesa. Food. From the Italian "Milanese" (a food made with meat and bread).
* Paisano. From the Italian "paesano", meaning an Italian (or southern European) immigrant
* Pasticho. From the Italian "pasticcio" (a lasagna).
* Pico. Geographical term meaning the top of a mountain. From the Italian word "Picco".
* Pizza. Food. From the Italian "Pizza".
* Radio. Radio. From the Italian "Radio"
* Terraza. Balcony. From the Italian "Terrazza"
For original text with references see Wikipedia, "Italian language in Venezuela." | Contributed by: Courtesy of Wikipedia
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Venezuela (in Italian) | | Date: 20th century | Notes: Italo-venezuelani
Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.
Gli Italo-venezuelani sono gli italiani del Venezuela ed i loro discendenti.
Storia
Prima della scoperta nell'Ottocento di enormi giacimenti di petrolio nel Venezuela, l'emigrazione di italiani in questo Stato sudamericano fu molto limitata. Solamente alcune centinaia di italiani (come il geografo Agostino Codazzi) vi arrivarono in epoca coloniale (durante la dominazione spagnola) e negli anni delle guerre d'indipendenza condotte da Simon Bolivar.
Nella seconda metà degli anni quaranta il ministro della difesa venezuelano Marcos Pérez Jiménez, poi presidente del paese (1952-1958), promosse l'immigrazione dall' Europa devastata dalla seconda guerra mondiale. Quasi un milione di stranieri si trasferirono in Venezuela, in grande maggioranza provenienti dal vecchio continente, e fra questi oltre 250.000 italiani[1].
Gli italiani nel censimento del 1961 costituivano la comunità straniera più numerosa del Venezuela, precedendo sia quella spagnola che portoghese.
Nel 1976 ufficialmente vi erano 210.350 residenti italiani e 25.858 italianos naturalizados (ossia italo-venezuelani che avevano preso la cittadinanza venezuelana) [2].
Aree del Venezuela (in giallo) dove la comunità italiana è concentrata
Marisa Vannini calcolava che negli anni ottanta gli Italo-venezuelani erano circa 400.000, includendo (oltre agli italiani emigrati dall'Italia) piu di 120.000 descendenti di seconda e terza generazione [3].
Attualmente la lingua italiana nel Venezuela sta influenzando con modismi e loanwords lo spagnolo venezuelano e viene studiata con interesse sempre maggiore da molti italo-venezuelani delle nuove generazioni.
Lo storico Santander Laya-Garrido ha stimato che i venezuelani con almeno un nonno (o bisnonno) emigrato dall'Italia erano quasi un milione nel 2000. Questo è il caso di Raúl Leoni, presidente dal 1963 al 1969, il cui nonno era un massone italiano rifugiatosi a Caracas a metà Ottocento.
Attualmente gli italiani residenti ufficialmente nel Venezuela sono meno di 50.000, a causa della mortalità, dei rimpatri, delle naturalizzazioni e, a partire dagli anni novanta, anche a causa di una grave crisi economica. Quest'ultima è coincisa, secondo taluni, con l'ascesa al potere del presidente Hugo Chavez (eletto nel dicembre 1998). [4].
Italiani nel Venezuela
Censimento Popolazione venezuelana Italiani % Italiani su stranieri % Italiani sul totale popolazione
1881 2.075.245 3.237 6,6 0,15
1941 3.850.771 3.034 6,3 0,07
1950 5.091.543 136.705 31,1 3,01
1961 7.523.999 113.631 24,6 1,51
1971 10.721.522 213.000 22,3 1,99
2001 23.054.210 49.337 4,86 0,04
Attività principali [modifica]
Pompeo D'Ambrosio, responsabile con il fratello Mino dell'epoca d'oro del Deportivo Italia, la squadra di calcio degli Italo-venezuelani
Gli Italo-venezuelani occupano un posto di assoluto rilievo nell'attuale società venezuelana. Secondo l'Ambasciata italiana, dagli anni sessanta circa 1/3 delle industrie venezuelane, non collegate all'attività petrolifera, sono di proprietà e/o amministrate da italiani e loro discendenti [5].
Nella comunità italiana, la più importante del Paese insieme a quella spagnola, si annoverano Presidenti della Repubblica (Jaime Lusinchi e Raúl Leoni), imprenditori (fra cui Giacomo Clerico, l'ingegnere Delfino, che con la sua "Constructora Delpre" ha edificato a Caracas le torri del Parque Central, fra i più alti grattacieli del Sudamerica, e Filippo Sindoni, grande industriale pastario e dolciario), finanzieri (Pompeo D'Ambrosio), campioni sportivi (come Johnny Cecotto), artisti e uomini di spettacolo (Franco De Vita e Renny Ottolina), modelle internazionali (Daniela Di Giacomo) e altre personalità.
Principali Associazioni ed Istituzioni [modifica]
* Asociación Civil "Agustin Codazzi" in Caracas
* Casa de Italia in Caracas, Maracay, Valencia, Ciudad Bolivar
* Centro Italo-Venezolano in Caracas, Barcelona, Maracaibo, Valencia.
* Club Social Italiano in Puerto La Cruz, Acarigua
* Deportivo Italia Football Club in Caracas
* Instituto Italiano de Cultura in Caracas [1]
* Camera di Commercio, Industria ed Agricoltura Venezuelana-Italiana in Caracas
* Associazioni regionali di Italiani nel Venezuela [2]
Membri importanti della Comunità italiana [modifica]
* Jaime Lusinchi. Presidente del Venezuela (1984-1989)
* Raúl Leoni. Presidente del Venezuela (1963-1968)
* Agostino Codazzi. Geografo, Cartografo, Governatore
* Pompeo D'Ambrosio. Dirigente di calcio, Banchiere
* Johnny Cecotto. Campione automobilista e motociclista
* Ivan Palazzese. Campione motociclista
* Renny Ottolina. Artista, Direttore TV
* Filippo Sindoni. Imprenditore
For original text see Italian Wikipedia, "Italo-venezuelani." | Contributed by: Italian Wikipedia
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Venezuela (English translation) | | Date: 20th century | Notes: Italo-Venezuelans
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
The Italo-Venezuelans are the Italians of Venezuela and their descendants.
History
Nell'Ottocento Before the discovery of huge deposits of oil in Venezuela, the emigration of Italians in this South American state was very limited. Only a few hundreds of Italians (like the geographer Agostino Codazzi) there arrived in the colonial era (during Spanish rule) and years of wars of independence led by Simon Bolivar.
In the second half of the forties, the Venezuelan defense minister of Marcos Pérez Jiménez, then president of the country (1952-1958), promoted the migration from 'Europe devastated by World War II. Nearly one million foreigners moved to Venezuela, the vast majority coming from the old continent, including more than 250,000 Italians [1].
Italians in the 1961 census was the largest foreign communities in Venezuela, one ahead of Spain who is Portuguese.
In 1976 there were officially 210,350 residents and 25,858 Italians italianos naturalizados (ie Italian-Venezuelans who had taken the citizenship of Venezuela) [2].
Areas of Venezuela (in yellow) where the Italian community has focused
Marisa Vannini estimated that in the eighties Italo-Venezuelans were approximately 400,000, including (in addition to the Italians emigrated from Italy) more than 120,000 descendent of second and third generation [3].
Currently the Italian language in Venezuela is influencing with modismi and Venezuelan Spanish loanwords and is studied with increasing interest by many Italian-Venezuelans of new generations.
The historian Santander Laya-Garrido has estimated that the Venezuelans with at least one grandfather (or great grandfather) who emigrated from Italy were almost one million in 2000. This is the case of Raúl Leoni, President from 1963 to 1969, whose grandfather was an Italian mason hiding in Caracas in mid-nineteenth century.
Currently, the Italians officially resident in Venezuela are less than 50,000, because of mortality, of repatriation, naturalization and, since the nineties, partly because of a severe economic crisis. This coincided, according to some, with the rise to power of President Hugo Chavez (elected in December 1998). [4].
Italians in Venezuela
Census Population Venezuelan Italians Italians on foreigners%% of total Italian population
1881 2,075,245 3,237 6.6 0.15
1941 3,850,771 3,034 6.3 0.07
1950 5,091,543 136,705 31.1 3.01
1961 7,523,999 113,631 24.6 1.51
1971 10,721,522 213,000 22.3 1.99
2001 23,054,210 49,337 4.86 0.04
Main activities [edit]
Pompeo D'Ambrosio, who is responsible with his brother Mino of the golden era of Deportivo Italia, the football team of the Italo-Venezuelans
The Italo-Venezuelan employed as the most important in Venezuelan society. According to the Italian Embassy, from the sixties about 1 / 3 of Venezuelan industries not related to the oil industry, are owned and / or administered by Italians and their descendants [5].
In the Italian community, the most important of the country along with the Spanish, are Presidents of the Republic (Jaime Lusinchi and Raúl Leoni), entrepreneurs (including Giacomo Clerico, Engineer Delfino, who with his "Constructora Delpre" has built a Caracas towers of Parque Central, among the highest skyscrapers of South America, and Filippo Sindoni, large industrial pastario and confectionery), financiers (Pompeo D'Ambrosio), sports champions (as Johnny Cecotto), artists and men of show business (De Franco Life and Renny Ottolina), international models (Daniela Di Giacomo) and other personalities.
Major Associations and Institutions [edit]
* Asociación Civil "Agustin Codazzi" in Caracas
* Casa de Italia in Caracas, Maracay, Valencia, Ciudad Bolivar
* Centro Italo-Venezolano in Caracas, Barcelona, Maracaibo, Valencia.
* Italian Social Club in Puerto La Cruz, Acarigua
* Deportivo Football Club Italy in Caracas
* Instituto de Cultura Italian in Caracas [1]
* Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture in the Italian-Venezuelan Caracas
* Regional Associations of Italians in Venezuela [2]
Important members of the Italian
* Jaime Lusinchi. President of Venezuela (1984-1989)
* Raúl Leoni. President of Venezuela (1963-1968)
* Agostino Codazzi. Geographer, cartographer, Governor
* Pompeo D'Ambrosio. Director of football, Banker
* Johnny Cecotto. Champion driver and motorcyclist
* Ivan Palazzese. Champion motorbike
* Renny Ottolina. Artist, TV Director
* Filippo Sindoni. Entrepreneur
For original text see Italian Wikipedia, "Italoo-venezuelani." | Contributed by: Text, Italian Wikipedia; machine translation by Google
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Venezuela (in Spanish) | | Date: The 20th century | Notes: Comunidades inmigradas
Italianos
Artículo principal: Italo-venezolanos
La mayoría de los Italianos emigró a Venezuela a consecuencia de la segunda guerra mundial y de sus destrucciones en la península italiana.
En los años cuarenta y cincuenta más de 300.000 Italianos entraron por el puerto de La Guaira, creando la mayor "colonia" europea en Venezuela. Inicialmente muchos fueron enviados a las colonias agrícolas (como la "Colonia Turén" en el estado Portuguesa), pero la mayoría terminó trabajando en el comercio, industrias y servicios de las principales ciudades venezolanas.
Los Italianos llegaron a Venezuela principalmente desde las regiones pobres del sur de Italia (como Sicilia), pero también desde el industrializado norte (como Emilia-Romaña y Véneto).
Areas (en amarillo) donde está concentrada la comunidad italiana en Venezuela
El Consulado italiano en Caracas indicó en una publicación oficial[2] que en 1977 - de los 210,350 Italianos residentes en Venezuela - 39,855 eran de Sicilia, 35,802 de Campania, 20,808 de Abruzos, 18,520 de Apulia, y que también (del norte industrializado) venían 8,953 del Véneto, 7,650 de Emilia-Romaña y 6,184 de Friuli-Venecia Julia.
Los Italianos - según la misma fuente - estaban concentrados principalmente en la region centro-norte de Venezuela, alrededor de Caracas y Valencia. En ese mismo 1977, 98.106 Italianos vivían en el Distrito Federal de Caracas, 39.508 en el estado Miranda, 14.203 en Maracaibo, 12.801 en Aragua y 8,104 en Carabobo, e inclusive habían unos 66 Italianos en el Territorio Federal Amazonas.
Actualmente, en los años 2000, casi el 90% de los Italo-venezolanos están concentrados en la región costera venezolana y en la Cordillera de la Costa. Aproximadamente 2/3 de ellos son residentes de las areas metropolitanas de las tres principales ciudades venezolanas:Caracas, Maracaibo y Valencia.
Santander Laya-Garrido (en su libro "Los Italianos forjadores de la nacionalidad y del desarrollo económico en Venezuela") estimaba que los venezolanos con por lo menos un abuelo de Italia pueden ser casi un millón al principio del siglo XXI (como el presidente de Venezuela Raúl Leoni, cuyo abuelo era un refugiado italiano masón del siglo XIX). Afirmó también que la comunidad italiana ocupaba un lugar predominante en la sociedad venezolana de la segunda mitad del siglo XX.
Portugueses
Véase también: Luso-venezolano
Los portugueses son una de las colonias europeas más numerosas en Venezuela. Provinieron mayoritariamente de Madeira y otras zonas del país producto de la crisis institucional acaecida. En líneas generales los portugueses contribuyeron con la venta al detal de productos alimenticios, panaderías, pulperías y abastos.
Españoles canarios y gallegos
Artículo principal: Ibero-venezolano
Durante la colonia y hasta las postrimerías de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la gran parte de los inmigrantes europeos a Venezuela fueron canarios y su impacto cultural fue significativo, influyendo tanto el desarrollo del castellano en el país así como la comida y las costumbres. Varios líderes y notables venezolanos cuentan con ascendencia canaria, tales como el precursor de la independencia Francisco de Miranda, el Libertador Simón Bolívar, Antonio José de Sucre, Andrés Bello, José Gregorio Hernández y los presidentes José Antonio Páez, José María Vargas, Carlos Soublette, los Monagas, Antonio Guzmán Blanco, Rómulo Betancourt y Rafael Caldera.
En cuanto a la comunidad Gallega contemporánea que en la actualidad es el segundo grueso español sobreviviente, precedido solo por los canarios (según los datos actuales de pensionistas del Ministerio del Trabajo e Inmigración español), se encuentran sus padres y evidentemente sus hijos de los que no se tiene con claridad registro en el censo; se piensa que emigraron al país en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y la primera mitad XX, producido por distintos factores en los que se encuentran razones políticas del régimen franquista y la Guerra Civil Española. Este último dato no excluye a los españoles de otras regiones que también habitan en el país en la actualidad.
Población extranjera según país de nacimiento
Según el último censo de población, realizado en el año 2001, había 1.015.538 extranjeros residiendo en Venezuela, lo que representa el 4,10% de la población total del país.
Puesto ↓ País ↓ 2001 ↓ 1990 ↓
1 Bandera de Colombia Colombia 609.196 528.893
2 Bandera de España España 76.648 104.088
3 Bandera de Portugal Portugal 53.478 68.105
4 Bandera de Italia Italia 49.338 61.352
5 Bandera del Perú Perú 35.871 27.748
6 Bandera de Ecuador Ecuador 28.625 23.370
7 Bandera de Chile Chile 15.530 20.787
8 República Dominicana 14.109 17.140
9 Bandera de los Estados Unidos Estados Unidos 10.028 10.716
10 Bandera de la República Popular China China 9.854 6.121
11 Cuba 9.795 10.157
12 Bandera de Argentina Argentina 8.611 9.070
13 Líbano 6.631 7.228
14 Guyana 6.612 4.488
15 Bandera de Brasil Brasil 4.766 4.223
16 Bandera de Uruguay Uruguay 4.631 5.454
17 Alemania 3.926 N/D
18 Bandera de Francia Francia 3.610 4.438
19 Bandera de México México 3.075 2.756
20 Bandera de Trinidad y Tobago Trinidad y Tobago 2.729 3.451
21 Nicaragua 1.905 2.033
22 Bandera de Bolivia Bolivia 1.814 1.936
23 Bandera de Haití Haití 1.661 1.593
24 Bandera del Reino Unido Reino Unido 1.614 1.695
25 Bandera de Arabia Saudita Arabia Saudita 1.196 826
26 Bandera de Costa Rica Costa Rica 1.136 1.494
27 Marruecos 1.061 1.456
28 Bandera de Panamá Panamá 963 1.216
29 Bandera de Canadá Canadá 952 772
30 El Salvador 896 897
31 Bandera de Austria Austria 792 955
32 Grecia 762 N/D
33 Yugoslavia 696 1.479
34 Switzerland Suiza 644 718
35 Bandera de los Países Bajos Países Bajos 595 579
36 Israel 593 826
37 Puerto Rico 528 925
38 Bandera de Japón Japón 446 689
39 Bandera de Guatemala Guatemala 424 531
40 Aruba 410 N/D
41 Bélgica 388 607
42 Bandera de Honduras Honduras 305 N/D
43 Bandera de Jordania Jordania 261 554
44 Bandera de Egipto Egipto 255 N/D
45 Granada 232 N/D
46 Bandera de Suecia Suecia 138 N/D
47 Bandera de Irán Irán 116 N/D
48 Bandera de Barbados Barbados 82 N/D
49 Santa Lucía 25 N/D
50 Dominica 8 N/D
Otros países 37.554 82.755
TOTAL 1.015.538 1.024.121
Fuente: INE (2001)[3] y CEPAL (1990)[4]
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Venezuela (English translation) | | Date: The 20th Century | Notes: Immigrant communities
Italian
Main article: Italo-Venezuelans
The majority of Italians emigrated to Venezuela as a result of the Second World War and its destruction in the Italian peninsula.
In the forties and fifties, more than 300,000 Italians came through the port of La Guaira, creating the largest "colony" in Venezuela Europe. Initially many were sent to the agricultural colonies (such as "Cologne Tur¨¦n" in Portuguesa state), but most ended up working in trade and services industries major Venezuelan cities.
Italians arrived in Venezuela mainly from poor regions of southern Italy (including Sicily), but also from the industrialized north (such as Emilia Romagna and Veneto).
Areas (in yellow) is concentrated where the Italian community in Venezuela
The Italian Consulate in Caracas, said in an official publication [2] in 1977 - the Italians living in Venezuela 210.350 - 39.855 were from Sicily, Campania 35.802, 20.808 of Abruzzi, Puglia 18.520, and also (from the industrialized North) Veneto were 8.953, 7.650 to 6.184 and Emilia-Romagna Friuli-Venezia Giulia.
Italians - according to the same source - were concentrated mainly in the north central region of Venezuela, Caracas and around Valencia. In that same 1977, 98,106 Italians were living in the Federal District of Caracas, 39,508 in the state of Miranda, Maracaibo 14203, 12801 at 8.104 in Carabobo and Aragua, and even had some 66 Italians in the Amazonas Federal Territory.
Today, in 2000, almost 90% of the Italo-Venezuelans are concentrated in the coastal region of Venezuela and the Cordillera de la Costa. Approximately 2 / 3 of them are residents of the metropolitan areas of the three major Venezuelan cities: Caracas, Maracaibo and Valencia.
Santander Laya-Garrido (in his book "The makers of Italian nationality and economic development in Venezuela") estimated that Venezuelans have at least one grandparent from Italy can be almost one million at the beginning of the twenty-first century (as the president of Venezuela Ra¨²l Leoni, whose grandfather was an Italian refugee Mason XIX century). He also claimed that the Italian community occupied a prominent place in Venezuelan society in the second half of the twentieth century.
Portuguese
See also: Luso-Venezuelan
The Portuguese are one of the largest European colonies in Venezuela. Came mainly from Madeira and other areas of the country as a result of the crisis occurred. In general the Portuguese have contributed to the retail sale of food, bakeries, and pulper¨ªas supply.
Spanish Canary Islands and Galicia
Main article: Ibero-Venezuelan
During the colony until the end of World War II, the bulk of European immigrants to Venezuela were canaries and its cultural impact was significant, influencing both the development of Castilian in the country as well as food and customs. Several notable leaders and Venezuelan descent have canaria, such as the precursor of the independence Francisco de Miranda, el Libertador Sim¨®n Bol¨ªvar, Antonio Jos¨¦ de Sucre, Andr¨¦s Bello, Jos¨¦ Gregorio Hern¨¢ndez and presidents Jos¨¦ Antonio P¨¢ez, Jos¨¦ Mar¨ªa Vargas, Carlos Soublette The Monagas, Antonio Guzm¨¢n Blanco, R¨®mulo Betancourt and Rafael Caldera.
In terms of contemporary Galician community that today is the second large Spanish survivor, preceded only by the Canary Islands (as the current data of pensioners of the Ministry of Labor and Immigration Spanish), are obviously their parents and children of those is not clearly registered in the census, it is thought that migrated to the country in the second half of the nineteenth and first half century, caused by various factors that are political reasons of the Franco regime and the Spanish Civil War. This last figure does not exclude the Spaniards from other regions who also live in the country today.
Foreign population by country of birth
According to the latest population census conducted in 2001 there were 1,015,538 foreigners living in Venezuela, representing 4.10% of the total population.
Given Country ¡ý ¡ý ¡ý 1990 ¡ý 2001
1 Flag of Colombia Colombia 609,196 528,893
2 Flag of Spain Spain 76,648 104,088
3 Flag of Portugal Portugal 53,478 68,105
4 Flag of Italy Italy 49,338 61,352
5 Flag of Peru Peru 35,871 27,748
6 Flag of Ecuador Ecuador 28,625 23,370
7 Flag of Chile Chile 15,530 20,787
8 Dominican Republic 14,109 17,140
9 Flag of the United States 10,028 10,716 United States
10 Flag of the People's Republic of China 9854 China 6121
11 Cuba 9,795 10,157
12 Flag of Argentina Argentina 8,611 9,070
13 Lebanon 6,631 7,228
14 Guyana 6,612 4,488
15 Flag of Brazil Brazil 4766 4223
16 Flag of Uruguay 4631 Uruguay 5454
17 Germany 3926 N / D
18 Flag of France France 3610 4438
19 Flag of Mexico Mexico 3075 2756
20 Flag of Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago 2,729 3,451
21 Nicaragua 1,905 2,033
22 Flag of Bolivia Bolivia 1,814 1,936
23 Flag of Haiti Haiti 1,661 1,593
Flag of the United Kingdom 24 United Kingdom 1,614 1,695
25 Flag of Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia 1,196 826
26 Flag of Costa Rica Costa Rica 1,136 1,494
27 Morocco 1,061 1,456
28 Flag of Panama Panama 963 1,216
29 Flag of Canada Canada 952 772
30 El Salvador 896 897
31 Flag of Austria Austria 792 955
32 Greece 762 N / D
33 Yugoslavia 696 1,479
Switzerland 34 Switzerland 644 718
35 Flag of the Netherlands Netherlands 595 579
36 Israel 593 826
37 Puerto Rico 528 925
38 Flag of Japan Japan 446 689
39 Flag of Guatemala Guatemala 424 531
40 Aruba 410 N / D
41 Belgium 388 607
42 Flag of Honduras Honduras 305 N / D
43 Flag of Jordan Jordan 261 554
44 Flag of Egypt Egypt 255 N / D
45 Granada 232 N / D
46 Flag of Sweden Sweden 138 N / D
47 Flag of Iran Iran 116 N / D
48 Flag of Barbados Barbados 82 N / D
49 Saint Lucia 25 N / D
50 Dominica 8 N / D
Other countries 37,554 82,755
TOTAL 1,015,538 1,024,121
Source: INE (2001) [3] and CEPAL (1990) [4] | Contributed by: Text, Spanish Wikipedia; machine translation by Google
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Uruguay | | Date: The 20th Century | Notes: Italian settlement in Uruguay
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Flag of Italy Italian Uruguayan Flag of Uruguay
Italo Uruguayano
Notable Italian-Uruguayans
Diego Forlan · Enzo Francescoli · Walter Pandiani
Julio Sanguinetti
Total population
est.1,500,000
est.50% of the population
Regions with significant populations
Throughout Uruguay
Languages
Rioplatense Spanish. Minority speaks Italian and Italian dialects.
Religion
Predominantly Roman Catholicism
Related ethnic groups
Italians, Italian Argentine, Italian Brazilian, Italian American, Italo-Venezuelans
An Italian Uruguayan (Spanish: italo-uruguayo, Italian: italo-uruguaiano) is an Uruguayan citizen of full or partial Italian ancestry. Almost half of the population is of Italian origin or has some degree of Italian descent. Italians began arriving to Uruguay in great numbers in the 1870s, and this migratory flow continued to the 1960s.
The Italian settlement, along with the Spanish, formed the backbone of today's Uruguayan society. Like its neighbour country Argentina, the culture of Uruguay exhibits significant connections to Italian culture; in terms of language, customs and traditions.
History
The first Italians arrived in the colony of the Spanish in the sixteenth century. Liguri were primarily in the Republic of Genoa, who worked in business and commerce related to the transoceanic shipping. The stream grew nell'Ottocento and - after 'independence' Uruguay - were some of thousands of Italian-Uruguay concentrated in the capital Montevideo.
The primacy of Liguria and Piedmont was altered after the first Lombardi, exiles, craftsmen and farmers and by the followers of Garibaldi, largely southern, not totally inexperienced, and even those active in various ways, except for a minority of adventurers.
In the early seventies this wave reached its maximum and was followed by a sharp fall, to coincide with economic and political upheavals that unites the two countries Platense. From 1875 to 1890 there was the climax of the parable of immigration to Uruguay in this period almost only Spanish and Italian, but mainly Italian. Then the recall of the Italian immigrants went on gradually diminishing for grand'attrazione exerted by Argentina, Brazil and the United States.
After the unification of Italy there was a considerable emigration from 'to Italy' s Uruguay, which reached its peak during the last decades of the 'nineteenth century when more than 110,000 immigrants arrived in Italy. In the early twentieth century migration began to run out and now (in 2003) there are only 33,000 Italians in the South American.
In 1976 the Uruguayan with Italian descent were over one million and three hundred thousand (ie almost 40% of the total population, including the Italo-Argentine residents in Uruguay). The highest concentration is found not only in Montevideo, the city of Paysandú (where almost 65% of the population is of Italian origin).
Italian community
The first Italian immigrants who arrived in the land were almost all of the origin of the Genoese, Piedmontese, Neapolitan, Sicilian and Venetian.
In the first half of 'nineteenth century there was the participation of Giuseppe Garibaldi to the wars for independence of Uruguay, and many Italian patriots Uruguay felt attracted to the ideas of the leader.
The political movement which joined many residents of the Rio de la Plata with Italian was called Current Garibaldina. In recognition of Garibaldi there were many tributes to his memory as a "Avenida" (Course) of Montevideo with its name, a monument to his memory in the city of Salto, el 'Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires, among others.
The Castle Piria. Francesco Piria created the seaside resort called Piriápolis (near Punta del Este) in the early twentieth century, and built his mansion in the shape of castelloTra the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, came the third phase of immigration coming from ' Italy. This immigration wave that was transforming, as during this period Uruguay experienced significant changes in style and quality of life of its population.
The Italians who arrived in this period, as well as in the fourth stage after the Second World War, gave a great contribution to architecture and gastronomy Uruguayan. In this period there was the foundation of 'Italian Hospital of Montevideo, which last decade of the nineteenth century, and which bears the name of an Italian monarch, King Umberto I of Savoy.
Italians who emigrated to Uruguay in 'Ottocento worked mainly in construction, trade and agriculture. Some were able to open the road as politicians and businessmen in the twentieth century. Indeed Piria Francis, son of Genoa, became one of the leading manufacturers of the South American state, creating even a seaside town that still bears his name: Piriápolis. Various Italo-Presidents of Uruguay Uruguay became (as Addiego, Demicheli, Gabriel Terra, and Baldomir Ferrari Sanguinetti) and writers of international renown (as Delmira Agustini and Mario Benedetti).
The Italian community during the Presidency of Gabriel Terra and Baldomir Ferrari
The period of the thirties was a time when the Italian community reached a primary importance in Uruguayan society. Coincided with the rise to power dell'italia-Uruguayan Gabriel Terra from 1931 to 1938 and his successor (and relatives) Baldomir Ferrari (1938-1943). The Italian-Uruguayan President Gabriel Terra got the dam of the hydroelectric dam "Rincón del Bonete, on the Rio Negro, was built and partially financed mainly by the Italian government in the years of the two Presidents trentaQuesti openly appreciated Italian Fascism and tried to imitate some characteristics and corporate policies.
In Montevideo, for example, there was a political Fascio with 1,200 members, 150 volunteers who gave Italian-Uruguayans the Italian conquest of Ethiopia in 1936. The President was able to obtain land and funding support from Mussolini (and Hitler) to build the dam on the Rio Negro, creating the largest artificial lake in South America. [4] In addition, Earth promoted the beginning of the process of 'industrialization by means of the Italian companies.
The Italian diplomat Mazzolini said that Mussolini considered the 'Uruguay as the state more "Italian" of the Americas, with which to make a possible future alliance also political and ethnic-racial. L 'Italian gained considerable importance in Montevideo in those years and became compulsory in secondary schools in Uruguay in 1942, under President Baldomir Ferrari.
Characteristics of the Italian community
An overall evaluation of Italian immigrants to Uruguay from its independence until the sixties of the twentieth century has them set at least 350,000 but, given the balance of migration, we must reduce it by half. This is a great value, however, that through generations of families has led to a considerable contribution to the Uruguayan population, estimated by the fact that over one third of the entire population of the Italian port names.
Breaking the flow, to examine the numerical quantity, s'individuano more periods with different characteristics: 1) the first two decades in 1830-50, in which at least 20,000 immigrants arrived, almost all of Piedmont and Liguria. 2) the second in the following decade, during which landed in Montevideo an equally high number of Italians (about 25,000 emigrants Lombardi and the rule Sardo). 3) the third in the sixties and seventies the 'nineteenth century, where the normal current of the North-West up to Livorno, approached the southern and Garibaldina for a total of about 90,000 Italians. 4) the fourth in the last decades of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, characterized by 'mass migration, stimulated by the propaganda and prepaid journey, but generally poorly trained and illiterate (110,000 Italians) will swell the urban proletariat Montevideo. 5) The fifth in the twentieth century after the First World War, marked by emigration and often enough qualified policy (about 15,000 Italians).
49% of Italians are currently residing in Uruguay comes from the northern parts of the Peninsula, 17% from central regions and 34% from the south. The Italian regions of origin are more: Campania, with 5231 residents (16% of total), Sydney (5029), Piedmont (4250), Lazio (3353) and Liguria (3018) [6].
In 2007 Italian citizens (including Uruguayan dual citizenship) resident in Uruguay is 71,115 [7]. The entire Italian community is held in high esteem by the Uruguayan population, also by a marked process italianisation in society especially in the local cuisine (like caruso sauce) and the local dialect (such as Lunfardo, which probably derives from the dialect word " Lumbarda "of immigrants from Lombardy).
In Uruguay, although the Italian influence was more isolated (only 27% of the Italo-Uruguay reside outside the metropolitan area of the capital), there were different Italian communities and founded several cultural entities (as in Rivera, the border with Brazil [8]).
Alfredo Baldomir Ferrari, President of Uruguay from 1938 to 1943. In 1942 decreed the obligation to study the 'Italian in secondary schools in Uruguay. Paysandú A - the third of the city, near the border with' Argentina - saw the greatest Italian influence, it is currently estimated that over 60% of its population of about 80,000 inhabitants is of Italian origin. Furthermore, there is still widespread, the Italian language, thanks to the fact that Italian is compulsory education and / or secondary schools in facoltatitvo dell 'Uruguay. Among the companies-Italian Uruguay most famous of the city must mention the EU and benevolence, the Scuola Italiana and the Italian Federation of Paysandú.
The Group of Paysandú Lombardi keeps cultural ties with the Italian emigration, especially from Sydney [9].
Main groups of the Italian
Italian Associations in Uruguay are relatively numerous. The main ones are:
Scuola Italiana di Montevideo ([2]) Circle Lucano ([3]) Association of Sons of Tuscany ([4]) Association Veneti in Uruguay ([5]) Group of Paysandú Lombardi ([6]) Group Trentini Rivera ([7])
Press and Italian
The Italian-Uruguayan President Alfredo Baldomir Ferrari in 1942 made mandatory the study of English in secondary schools of the state.
This legislation has made Uruguay the only state in the Americas where the Italian for sixty years had an official status in the local teaching equal to that of the national language [10].
In Montevideo there is a private school (Scuola Italiana di Montevideo) around which is better educated class of the Italian community in the capital. There are also plans to open an Italian university [11].
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_settlement_in_Uruguay"
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Uruguay (in Italian) | | Date: The 20th Century | Notes: talo-uruguaiani
Italo-uruguayani sono gli Italiani radicatisi nell' Uruguay negli ultimi secoli, ed i loro discendenti.
Indice
Storia
I primi Italiani arrivarono nella colonia spagnola dell'Uruguay nel Cinquecento.
Erano principalmente Liguri della Repubblica di Genova, che lavoravano in attività e commerci legati alla navigazione marittima transoceanica.
Il flusso crebbe nell'Ottocento e - dopo l' indipendenza dell' Uruguay - erano alcune migliaia gli Italo-uruguayani concentrati nella capitale Montevideo.
« La preminenza ligure e piemontese fu alterata prima dall'arrivo dei Lombardi, esuli, artigiani e agricoltori e successivamente dai seguaci di Garibaldi, in buona parte meridionali, non del tutto sprovveduti neppure questi e in vario modo attivi, salvo una minoranza di avventurieri. Nei primi anni settanta quest’ondata raggiunse il massimo e fu seguita da una brusca caduta, in coincidenza con sconvolgimenti economici e politici che accomunarono i due paesi platensi. Dal 1875 al 1890 si ebbe il culmine della parabola immigratoria in Uruguay, in questo periodo quasi soltanto spagnola e italiana, ma in prevalenza italiana. Poi il richiamo dell'Uruguay sugli immigranti italiani andò gradualmente scemando per la grand’attrazione esercitata da Argentina, Stati Uniti e Brasile.[1] »
Dopo l'Unità d'Italia vi fu una notevole emigrazione dall' Italia verso l' Uruguay, che raggiunse il suo apice negli ultimi decenni dell' Ottocento quando arrivarono oltre 110.000 emigranti italiani.
Ai primi del Novecento il flusso migratorio iniziò ad esaurirsi ed ora (nel 2003) vi sono solamente 33.000 Italiani nello Stato sudamericano.
Nel 1976 gli Uruguayani con discendenza italiana erano oltre un milione e trecentomila (cioè quasi il 40% del totale della popolazione, includendo gli Italo-argentini residenti in Uruguay).[2]
La massima concentrazione si trova, oltre che a Montevideo, nella città di Paysandú (dove quasi il 65% degli abitanti è di origine italiana).
Comunità italiana
I primi immigranti italiani che arrivarono nelle terre dell'Uruguay erano quasi tutti di origine genovese, piemontese, napoletana, veneziana e siciliana.
Nella prima metà dell' Ottocento vi fu la partecipazione di Giuseppe Garibaldi alle guerre per l'indipendenza dell'Uruguay, e molti patrioti Italo-uruguayani si sentirono attratti delle idee del condottiero.
Il movimento politico a cui aderirono molti abitanti dell'area del Rio de la Plata assieme ad Italiani fu denominato Corrente garibaldina. A riconoscimento di Garibaldi si ebbero diversi omaggi alla sua memoria, come una "Avenida" (Corso) di Montevideo con il suo nome, un monumento alla sua memoria nella cittá di Salto, e l' Ospedale Italiano di Buenos Aires, tra gli altri.
Il Castello Piria. Francesco Piria creò la cittadina balneare chiamata Piriápolis (vicino Punta del Este) agli inizi del Novecento, e vi costruì la sua mansione a forma di castello
Tra la fine del secolo XIX e inizi del XX, si ebbe la terza fase dell'immigrazione proveniente dall'Italia. Questa ondata fu detta immigrazione trasformatrice, dato che durante questo periodo l'Uruguay sperimentò cambi significativi di stile e qualitá di vita della sua popolazione.
Gli italiani che arrivarono in questo periodo, cosí come nella quarta fase dopo la seconda guerra mondiale, diedero un grande apporto all'architettura e gastronomia uruguaiana. In questo periodo si ebbe la fondazione dell' Ospedale Italiano di Montevideo, che data dell'ultima decade del secolo XIX, e che porta il nome di un monarca italiano, il re Umberto I di Savoia.
Gli Italiani che emigrarono in Uruguay nell' Ottocento lavorarono principalmente nel settore edile, commerciale ed agricolo. Alcuni riuscirono ad aprirsi strada come politici ed imprenditori nel Novecento. Infatti Francesco Piria, figlio di genovesi, divenne uno dei principali costruttori dello Stato sudamericano, creando finanche una cittadina balneare che ancora oggi porta il suo nome: Piriápolis. Inoltre diversi Italo-uruguayani divennero Presidenti dell'Uruguay (come Addiego, Demicheli, Gabriel Terra, Baldomir Ferrari e Sanguinetti) e letterati di fama internazionale (come Delmira Agustini e Mario Benedetti).
La comunità italiana durante la presidenza di Gabriel Terra e Baldomir Ferrari
Il periodo degli anni trenta rappresentò un'epoca in cui la comunità italiana raggiunse un'importanza primaria nella società uruguaiana. Coincise con l'ascesa al potere dell'italo-uruguaiano Gabriel Terra dal 1931 al 1938 e del suo successore (e parente) Baldomir Ferrari (1938-1943).
Il Presidente italo-uruguaiano Gabriel Terra ottenne che la diga idroelettrica del lago artificiale "Rincón del Bonete", sul Rio Negro, fosse finanziata e parzialmente costruita principalmente dal governo italiano negli anni trenta
Questi due Presidenti dell'Uruguay apertamente apprezzarono il Fascismo italiano e tentarono di imitarne alcune caratteristiche corporative e politiche. [3]
A Montevideo, per esempio, vi era un Fascio politico con 1200 aderenti, che diede 150 volontari Italo-uruguaiani alla conquista italiana dell'Etiopia nel 1936.
Il Presidente Terra riuscì ad ottenere finanziamenti e supporto tecnico da Mussolini (ed anche Hitler) per costruire la diga sul Rio Negro, creando il maggiore lago artificiale del Sudamerica. [4] Inoltre Terra promosse l'inizio del processo d' industrializzazione dell'Uruguay attraverso ditte italiane.
Il diplomatico italiano Mazzolini affermò che Mussolini considerava l' Uruguay come lo Stato più "italiano" delle Americhe, con il quale fare una possibile futura alleanza anche politica ed etnico-razziale. [5]
L' italiano acquistò una notevole importanza a Montevideo in quegli anni e divenne obbligatorio nelle scuole superiori dell'Uruguay nel 1942, durante la presidenza di Baldomir Ferrari.
Caratteristiche della comunità italiana [modifica]
Un calcolo globale degli immigrati italiani in Uruguay dalla sua indipendenza fino agli anni sessanta del ventesimo secolo li fa stabilire almeno a 350.000 ma, se si considera il saldo attivo del movimento migratorio, bisogna ridurli alla metà. Si tratta di un valore comunque cospicuo che attraverso generazioni di famiglie numerose ha portato a dare un contributo considerevole alla popolazione uruguaiana, stimabile dal fatto che oltre un terzo dell'intera popolazione dell'Uruguay porta cognomi italiani.
Scomponendo il flusso, per esaminarne le quantità numeriche, s’individuano più periodi con caratteristiche differenti:
1) il primo nel ventennio 1830-50, nel quale arrivarono almeno 20.000 immigranti, quasi tutti liguri e piemontesi.
2) il secondo nel decennio successivo, durante il quale sbarcò a Montevideo un numero altrettanto elevato di Italiani (circa 25.000 emigrati Lombardi e dello Stato Sardo).
3) il terzo negli anni sessanta e settanta dell' Ottocento, nei quali alla normale corrente dell'Italia di Nord-Ovest fino a Livorno, si accompagnò quella meridionale e garibaldina per un totale di 90.000 Italiani circa.
4) il quarto negli ultimi decenni del secolo XIX e primi del secolo XX, caratterizzato dall' emigrazione di massa, stimolata dalla propaganda e dal viaggio prepagato, ma in genere scarsamente qualificata e analfabeta (110.000 Italiani), destinata a gonfiare il proletariato urbano di Montevideo.
5) il quinto nel Novecento dopo la prima guerra mondiale, caratterizzato da emigrazione abbastanza qualificata e spesso politica (circa 15.000 Italiani).
Il 49% degli Italiani attualmente residenti in Uruguay proviene dalle regioni settentrionali della Penisola, il 17% dalle regioni centrali ed il 34% dal meridione. Le regioni italiane di maggiore provenienza sono: Campania, con 5.231 residenti (il 16% del totale); Lombardia (5.029); Piemonte (4.250); Lazio (3.353) e Liguria (3.018)[6].
Nel 2007 i cittadini italiani (compresi gli Uruguayani con doppia cittadinanza) residenti in Uruguay sono 71.115 [7]. Tutta la comunità italiana viene tenuta in massima stima dalla popolazione uruguaiana, anche per via di un marcato processo di italianizzazione nella società specialmente nella gastronomia locale (come la Salsa caruso) e nel dialetto locale (come il lunfardo, che probabilmente deriva dalla parola dialettale "lumbard" degli emigranti lombardi).
All'interno dell'Uruguay, sebbene l'influenza italiana fu più isolata (appena il 27% degli Italo-uruguayani risiedono fuori dall'area metropolitana della capitale), si ebbero varie comunità italiane e si fondarono diverse entitá culturali (come a Rivera, al confine col Brasile [8]).
Alfredo Baldomir Ferrari, Presidente dell'Uruguay dal 1938 al 1943. Nel 1942 decretò l'obbligo di studiare l' italiano nelle scuole superiori dell'Uruguay.
A Paysandú - la terza città dell'Uruguay, vicino alla frontiera con l' Argentina - si registrò l'influenza italiana maggiore, infatti attualmente si stima che oltre il 60% della sua popolazione di circa 80.000 abitanti sia di origine italiana. Inoltre vi è ancora molto diffusa la lingua italiana, grazie anche al fatto che l'italiano è materia di insegnamento obbligatorio e/o facoltatitvo nelle scuole secondarie dell' Uruguay. Tra le societá italo-uruguayane più rinomate della città bisogna citare l'Unione e Benevolenza, la Scuola Italiana e la Federazione Italiana di Paysandú.
Il Gruppo Lombardi di Paysandù mantiene legami culturali con l'emigrazione italiana, specialmente dalla Lombardia [9].
Principali Associazioni Italiane dell'Uruguay [modifica]
Le associazioni italiane in Uruguay sono relativamente numerose. Le principali sono:
* Scuola Italiana di Montevideo ([2])
* Circolo Lucano ([3])
* Associazione Figli della Toscana ([4])
* Associazione Veneti in Uruguay ([5])
* Gruppo Lombardi di Paysandù ([6])
* Gruppo Trentini di Rivera ([7])
Stampa e lingua italiana
Il presidente italo-uruguayano Alfredo Baldomir Ferrari nel 1942 rese obbligatorio lo studio della lingua italiana nelle scuole superiori statali dell'Uruguay.
Questa normativa ha reso l'Uruguay l'unico Stato delle Americhe dove l'italiano per sessant'anni ha avuto uno status di ufficialità nella docenza locale pari a quella della lingua nazionale [10].
A Montevideo esiste una scuola privata (Scuola Italiana di Montevideo) intorno alla quale viene educato il ceto migliore della comunità italiana nella capitale. Attualmente vi sono anche progetti di aprire una Università italiana [11].
Questo fatto ha comportato una notevole diffusione della Stampa italiana nell'Uruguay. Attualmente le più importanti pubblicazioni in italiano sono:
* Il Corriere della Scuola, trimestrale (Montevideo, dal 1989), editore Adriana Testoni (Scuola Italiana di Montevideo), direttore Giovanni Costanzelli. (Sito)
* L'Eco d'Italia, settimanale (Montevideo, dal 1963), editore Alessandro Cario, direttore Stefano Casini. (Sito)
* Gente d'Italia, quotidiano (Montevideo, 2005), editore Gruppo Editoriale Porps International Inc., direttore Domenico Porpiglia. (Sito)
* Incontro, mensile (Montevideo, dal 1974), editore e direttore padre Salvatore F. Mazzitelli (Congregazione Scalabriniana).
* Notiziario A.N.C.R.I., mensile (Montevideo, dal 1962), editore e direttore Giovanni Costanzelli (Associazione Ex Combattenti).
* Spazio Italia, mensile (Montevideo, dal 1999), editore e direttore Laura Vera Righi (Associazione Italiana Gruppo Legami). (Sito)
Italo-uruguayani famosi
* Rafael Addiego Bruno, Presidente dell' Uruguay
* Mario Benedetti, scrittore
* Alberto Demicheli, Presidente dell' Uruguay
* Alcides Ghiggia, calciatore
* Alfredo Baldomir Ferrari, Presidente dell' Uruguay
* Enzo Francescoli Uriarte, calciatore
* Luis Giannattasio Finocchietti, Presidente dell' Uruguay
* Benito Nardone Cetrulo, Presidente dell' Uruguay
* Juan Carlos Onetti, scrittore
* Julio María Sanguinetti, Presidente dell' Uruguay
* Juan Alberto Schiaffino, calciatore
* Gabriel Terra, Presidente dell' Uruguay
* Michele Andreolo, calciatore
* Feliciano Viera, Presidente dell' Uruguay
* Francesco Piria, imprenditore
* Delmira Agustini, poetessa
| Contributed by: Courtesy of Italian Wikipedia
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Uruguay (in English translation) | | Date: The 20th Century | Notes: Italian-Uruguayans
Uruguay Italo-Italians are in radicatisi 'Uruguay in recent centuries, and their descendants.
Index
History
The first Italians arrived in the colony of the Spanish in the sixteenth century.
Liguri were primarily in the Republic of Genoa, who worked in business and commerce related to the transoceanic shipping.
The stream grew nell'Ottocento and - after 'independence' Uruguay - were some of thousands of Italian-Uruguay concentrated in the capital Montevideo.
"The primacy of Liguria and Piedmont was altered after the first Lombardi, exiles, craftsmen and farmers and by the followers of Garibaldi, largely southern, not totally inexperienced, and even those active in various ways, except for a minority of adventurers. In the early seventies this wave reached its maximum and was followed by a sharp fall, to coincide with economic and political upheavals that unites the two countries Platense. From 1875 to 1890 there was the climax of the parable of immigration to Uruguay in this period almost only Spanish and Italian, but mainly Italian. Then the recall of the Italian immigrants went on gradually diminishing for grand'attrazione exerted by Argentina, Brazil and the United States. [1]
After the unification of Italy there was a considerable emigration from 'to Italy' s Uruguay, which reached its peak during the last decades of the 'nineteenth century when more than 110,000 immigrants arrived in Italy.
In the early twentieth century migration began to run out and now (in 2003) there are only 33,000 Italians in the South American.
In 1976 the Uruguayan with Italian descent were over one million and three hundred thousand (ie almost 40% of the total population, including the Italo-Argentine residents in Uruguay). [2]
The highest concentration is found not only in Montevideo, the city of Paysandú (where almost 65% of the population is of Italian origin).
Italian community
The first Italian immigrants who arrived in the land were almost all of the origin of the Genoese, Piedmontese, Neapolitan, Sicilian and Venetian.
In the first half of 'nineteenth century there was the participation of Giuseppe Garibaldi to the wars for independence of Uruguay, and many Italian patriots Uruguay felt attracted to the ideas of the leader.
The political movement which joined many residents of the Rio de la Plata with Italian was called Current Garibaldina. In recognition of Garibaldi there were many tributes to his memory as a "Avenida" (Course) of Montevideo with its name, a monument to his memory in the city of Salto, el 'Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires, among others.
The Castle Piria. Francesco Piria created the seaside resort called Piriápolis (near Punta del Este) in the early twentieth century, and built his mansion in the shape of a castle
Between the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, came the third phase of immigration from Italy. This immigration wave that was transforming, as during this period Uruguay experienced significant changes in style and quality of life of its population.
The Italians who arrived in this period, as well as in the fourth stage after the Second World War, gave a great contribution to architecture and gastronomy Uruguayan. In this period there was the foundation of 'Italian Hospital of Montevideo, which last decade of the nineteenth century, and which bears the name of an Italian monarch, King Umberto I of Savoy.
Italians who emigrated to Uruguay in 'Ottocento worked mainly in construction, trade and agriculture. Some were able to open the road as politicians and businessmen in the twentieth century. Indeed Piria Francis, son of Genoa, became one of the leading manufacturers of the South American state, creating even a seaside town that still bears his name: Piriápolis. Various Italo-Presidents of Uruguay Uruguay became (as Addiego, Demicheli, Gabriel Terra, and Baldomir Ferrari Sanguinetti) and writers of international renown (as Delmira Agustini and Mario Benedetti).
The Italian community during the Presidency of Gabriel Terra and Baldomir Ferrari
The period of the thirties was a time when the Italian community reached a primary importance in Uruguayan society. Coincided with the rise to power dell'italia-Uruguayan Gabriel Terra from 1931 to 1938 and his successor (and relatives) Baldomir Ferrari (1938-1943).
The Italian-Uruguayan President Gabriel Terra got the dam of the hydroelectric dam "Rincón del Bonete, on the Rio Negro, was built and partially financed mainly by the Italian government in the thirties
These two Presidents of the openly appreciated Italian Fascism and tried to imitate some characteristics and corporate policies. [3]
In Montevideo, for example, there was a political Fascio with 1,200 members, 150 volunteers who gave Italian-Uruguayans the Italian conquest of Ethiopia in 1936.
The President was able to obtain land and funding support from Mussolini (and Hitler) to build the dam on the Rio Negro, creating the largest artificial lake in South America. [4] In addition, Earth promoted the beginning of the process of 'industrialization by means of the Italian companies.
The Italian diplomat Mazzolini said that Mussolini considered the 'Uruguay as the state more "Italian" of the Americas, with which to make a possible future alliance also political and ethnic-racial. [5]
L 'Italian gained considerable importance in Montevideo in those years and became compulsory in secondary schools in Uruguay in 1942, under President Baldomir Ferrari.
Characteristics of the Italian community [edit]
An overall evaluation of Italian immigrants to Uruguay from its independence until the sixties of the twentieth century has them set at least 350,000 but, given the balance of migration, we must reduce it by half. This is a great value, however, that through generations of families has led to a considerable contribution to the Uruguayan population, estimated by the fact that over one third of the entire population of the Italian port names.
Breaking the flow, to examine the numerical quantity, s'individuano more periods with different characteristics:
1) the first two decades in 1830-50, in which at least 20,000 immigrants arrived, almost all of Piedmont and Liguria.
2) the second in the following decade, during which landed in Montevideo an equally high number of Italians (about 25,000 emigrants Lombardi and the rule Sardo).
3) the third in the sixties and seventies the 'nineteenth century, where the normal current of the North-West up to Livorno, approached the southern and Garibaldina for a total of about 90,000 Italians.
4) the fourth in the last decades of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, characterized by 'mass migration, stimulated by the propaganda and prepaid journey, but generally poorly trained and illiterate (110,000 Italians) will swell the urban proletariat Montevideo.
5) The fifth in the twentieth century after the First World War, marked by emigration and often enough qualified policy (about 15,000 Italians).
49% of Italians are currently residing in Uruguay comes from the northern parts of the Peninsula, 17% from central regions and 34% from the south. The Italian regions of origin are more: Campania, with 5231 residents (16% of total), Sydney (5029), Piedmont (4250), Lazio (3353) and Liguria (3018) [6].
In 2007 Italian citizens (including Uruguayan dual citizenship) resident in Uruguay is 71,115 [7]. The entire Italian community is held in high esteem by the Uruguayan population, also by a marked process italianisation in society especially in the local cuisine (like caruso sauce) and the local dialect (such as Lunfardo, which probably derives from the dialect word " Lumbarda "of immigrants from Lombardy).
In Uruguay, although the Italian influence was more isolated (only 27% of the Italo-Uruguay reside outside the metropolitan area of the capital), there were different Italian communities and founded several cultural entities (as in Rivera, the border with Brazil [8]).
Alfredo Baldomir Ferrari, President of Uruguay from 1938 to 1943. In 1942 decreed the obligation to study the 'Italian in secondary schools in Uruguay.
A Paysandú - the third of the city, near the border with 'Argentina - saw the greatest Italian influence, it is currently estimated that over 60% of its population of about 80,000 inhabitants is of Italian origin. Furthermore, there is still widespread, the Italian language, thanks to the fact that Italian is compulsory education and / or secondary schools in facoltatitvo dell 'Uruguay. Among the companies-Italian Uruguay most famous of the city must mention the EU and benevolence, the Scuola Italiana and the Italian Federation of Paysandú.
The Group of Paysandú Lombardi keeps cultural ties with the Italian emigration, especially from Sydney [9].
Main groups of the Italian [edit]
Italian Associations in Uruguay are relatively numerous. The main ones are:
* Scuola Italiana di Montevideo ([2])
* Circle Lucano ([3])
* Associazione Figli della Toscana ([4])
* Association Veneti in Uruguay ([5])
* Group of Paysandú Lombardi ([6])
* Group Trentini Rivera ([7])
Press and Italian
The Italian-Uruguayan President Alfredo Baldomir Ferrari in 1942 made mandatory the study of English in secondary schools of the state.
This legislation has made Uruguay the only state in the Americas where the Italian for sixty years had an official status in the local teaching equal to that of the national language [10].
In Montevideo there is a private school (Scuola Italiana di Montevideo) around which is better educated class of the Italian community in the capital. There are also plans to open an Italian university [11].
This fact has led to a significant spread of the Italian Press in Uruguay. Currently, the most important publications in Italian are:
* The Corriere della Scuola, quarterly (Montevideo, 1989), editor Adriana Testoni (Scuola Italiana di Montevideo), director John Costanzelli. (Site)
* L'Eco d'Italia, weekly (Montevideo, 1963), publisher Alessandro Cario, director Stefano Casini. (Site)
* People of Italy, daily (Montevideo, 2005), publisher Gruppo Editoriale Porps International Inc., Director Domenico Porpiglia. (Site)
* Meetings, Monthly (Montevideo, 1974), publisher and director father, Salvatore F. Mazzitelli (Congregation Scalabriniana).
* ANCRI newsletter, monthly (Montevideo, 1962), publisher and editor John Costanzelli (Association of Former Fighters).
* Space Italia, monthly (Montevideo, 1999), publisher and editor Laura Vera Righi (Associazione Italiana Group Bonds). (Site)
Famous Italian-Uruguay
* Rafael Addiego Bruno, President of 'Uruguay
* Mario Benedetti, writer
* Alberto Demicheli, President of 'Uruguay
* Alcides ghiggia, American
* Alfredo Baldomir Ferrari, President of 'Uruguay
* Enzo Francescoli Uriarte, American
* Luis Giannattasio Finocchietti, President of 'Uruguay
* Cetrulo Benito Nardone, President of 'Uruguay
* Juan Carlos Onett, writer
* Julio María Sanguinetti, President of 'Uruguay
* Juan Alberto Schiaffino, American
* Gabriel Terra, President of 'Uruguay
* Michele Andreoli, American
* Feliciano Viera, President of 'Uruguay
* Francis Piria, contractor
* Delmira Agustini, poet
| Contributed by: Text, Italian Wikipedia; machine translation by Google
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