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Venezuela (English translation) | | Date: 20th century | Notes: Italo-Venezuelans
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
The Italo-Venezuelans are the Italians of Venezuela and their descendants.
History
Nell'Ottocento Before the discovery of huge deposits of oil in Venezuela, the emigration of Italians in this South American state was very limited. Only a few hundreds of Italians (like the geographer Agostino Codazzi) there arrived in the colonial era (during Spanish rule) and years of wars of independence led by Simon Bolivar.
In the second half of the forties, the Venezuelan defense minister of Marcos P?rez Jim?nez, then president of the country (1952-1958), promoted the migration from 'Europe devastated by World War II. Nearly one million foreigners moved to Venezuela, the vast majority coming from the old continent, including more than 250,000 Italians [1].
Italians in the 1961 census was the largest foreign communities in Venezuela, one ahead of Spain who is Portuguese.
In 1976 there were officially 210,350 residents and 25,858 Italians italianos naturalizados (ie Italian-Venezuelans who had taken the citizenship of Venezuela) [2].
Areas of Venezuela (in yellow) where the Italian community has focused
Marisa Vannini estimated that in the eighties Italo-Venezuelans were approximately 400,000, including (in addition to the Italians emigrated from Italy) more than 120,000 descendent of second and third generation [3].
Currently the Italian language in Venezuela is influencing with modismi and Venezuelan Spanish loanwords and is studied with increasing interest by many Italian-Venezuelans of new generations.
The historian Santander Laya-Garrido has estimated that the Venezuelans with at least one grandfather (or great grandfather) who emigrated from Italy were almost one million in 2000. This is the case of Ra?l Leoni, President from 1963 to 1969, whose grandfather was an Italian mason hiding in Caracas in mid-nineteenth century.
Currently, the Italians officially resident in Venezuela are less than 50,000, because of mortality, of repatriation, naturalization and, since the nineties, partly because of a severe economic crisis. This coincided, according to some, with the rise to power of President Hugo Chavez (elected in December 1998). [4].
Italians in Venezuela
Census Population Venezuelan Italians Italians on foreigners%% of total Italian population
1881 2,075,245 3,237 6.6 0.15
1941 3,850,771 3,034 6.3 0.07
1950 5,091,543 136,705 31.1 3.01
1961 7,523,999 113,631 24.6 1.51
1971 10,721,522 213,000 22.3 1.99
2001 23,054,210 49,337 4.86 0.04
Main activities [edit]
Pompeo D'Ambrosio, who is responsible with his brother Mino of the golden era of Deportivo Italia, the football team of the Italo-Venezuelans
The Italo-Venezuelan employed as the most important in Venezuelan society. According to the Italian Embassy, from the sixties about 1 / 3 of Venezuelan industries not related to the oil industry, are owned and / or administered by Italians and their descendants [5].
In the Italian community, the most important of the country along with the Spanish, are Presidents of the Republic (Jaime Lusinchi and Ra?l Leoni), entrepreneurs (including Giacomo Clerico, Engineer Delfino, who with his "Constructora Delpre" has built a Caracas towers of Parque Central, among the highest skyscrapers of South America, and Filippo Sindoni, large industrial pastario and confectionery), financiers (Pompeo D'Ambrosio), sports champions (as Johnny Cecotto), artists and men of show business (De Franco Life and Renny Ottolina), international models (Daniela Di Giacomo) and other personalities.
Major Associations and Institutions
* Asociaci?n Civil "Agustin Codazzi" in Caracas
* Casa de Italia in Caracas, Maracay, Valencia, Ciudad Bolivar
* Centro Italo-Venezolano in Caracas, Barcelona, Maracaibo, Valencia.
* Italian Social Club in Puerto La Cruz, Acarigua
* Deportivo Football Club Italy in Caracas
* Instituto de Cultura Italian in Caracas [1]
* Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture in the Italian-Venezuelan Caracas
* Regional Associations of Italians in Venezuela [2]
Important members of the Italian
* Jaime Lusinchi. President of Venezuela (1984-1989)
* Ra?l Leoni. President of Venezuela (1963-1968)
* Agostino Codazzi. Geographer, cartographer, Governor
* Pompeo D'Ambrosio. Director of football, Banker
* Johnny Cecotto. Champion driver and motorcyclist
* Ivan Palazzese. Champion motorbike
* Renny Ottolina. Artist, TV Director
* Filippo Sindoni. Entrepreneur
For original text see Italian Wikipedia, "Italoo-venezuelani." | Contributed by: Text, Italian Wikipedia; machine translation by Google
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Venezuela (English translation) | | Date: The 20th Century | Notes: Immigrant communities
Italian
Main article: Italo-Venezuelans
The majority of Italians emigrated to Venezuela as a result of the Second World War and its destruction in the Italian peninsula.
In the forties and fifties, more than 300,000 Italians came through the port of La Guaira, creating the largest "colony" in Venezuela Europe. Initially many were sent to the agricultural colonies (such as "Cologne Tur??n" in Portuguesa state), but most ended up working in trade and services industries major Venezuelan cities.
Italians arrived in Venezuela mainly from poor regions of southern Italy (including Sicily), but also from the industrialized north (such as Emilia Romagna and Veneto).
Areas (in yellow) is concentrated where the Italian community in Venezuela
The Italian Consulate in Caracas, said in an official publication [2] in 1977 - the Italians living in Venezuela 210.350 - 39.855 were from Sicily, Campania 35.802, 20.808 of Abruzzi, Puglia 18.520, and also (from the industrialized North) Veneto were 8.953, 7.650 to 6.184 and Emilia-Romagna Friuli-Venezia Giulia.
Italians - according to the same source - were concentrated mainly in the north central region of Venezuela, Caracas and around Valencia. In that same 1977, 98,106 Italians were living in the Federal District of Caracas, 39,508 in the state of Miranda, Maracaibo 14203, 12801 at 8.104 in Carabobo and Aragua, and even had some 66 Italians in the Amazonas Federal Territory.
Today, in 2000, almost 90% of the Italo-Venezuelans are concentrated in the coastal region of Venezuela and the Cordillera de la Costa. Approximately 2 / 3 of them are residents of the metropolitan areas of the three major Venezuelan cities: Caracas, Maracaibo and Valencia.
Santander Laya-Garrido (in his book "The makers of Italian nationality and economic development in Venezuela") estimated that Venezuelans have at least one grandparent from Italy can be almost one million at the beginning of the twenty-first century (as the president of Venezuela Ra??l Leoni, whose grandfather was an Italian refugee Mason XIX century). He also claimed that the Italian community occupied a prominent place in Venezuelan society in the second half of the twentieth century.
Portuguese
See also: Luso-Venezuelan
The Portuguese are one of the largest European colonies in Venezuela. Came mainly from Madeira and other areas of the country as a result of the crisis occurred. In general the Portuguese have contributed to the retail sale of food, bakeries, and pulper??as supply.
Spanish Canary Islands and Galicia
Main article: Ibero-Venezuelan
During the colony until the end of World War II, the bulk of European immigrants to Venezuela were canaries and its cultural impact was significant, influencing both the development of Castilian in the country as well as food and customs. Several notable leaders and Venezuelan descent have canaria, such as the precursor of the independence Francisco de Miranda, el Libertador Sim??n Bol??var, Antonio Jos?? de Sucre, Andr??s Bello, Jos?? Gregorio Hern??ndez and presidents Jos?? Antonio P??ez, Jos?? Mar??a Vargas, Carlos Soublette The Monagas, Antonio Guzm??n Blanco, R??mulo Betancourt and Rafael Caldera.
In terms of contemporary Galician community that today is the second large Spanish survivor, preceded only by the Canary Islands (as the current data of pensioners of the Ministry of Labor and Immigration Spanish), are obviously their parents and children of those is not clearly registered in the census, it is thought that migrated to the country in the second half of the nineteenth and first half century, caused by various factors that are political reasons of the Franco regime and the Spanish Civil War. This last figure does not exclude the Spaniards from other regions who also live in the country today.
Foreign population by country of birth
According to the latest population census conducted in 2001 there were 1,015,538 foreigners living in Venezuela, representing 4.10% of the total population.
Given Country ?? ?? ?? 1990 ?? 2001
1 Flag of Colombia Colombia 609,196 528,893
2 Flag of Spain Spain 76,648 104,088
3 Flag of Portugal Portugal 53,478 68,105
4 Flag of Italy Italy 49,338 61,352
5 Flag of Peru Peru 35,871 27,748
6 Flag of Ecuador Ecuador 28,625 23,370
7 Flag of Chile Chile 15,530 20,787
8 Dominican Republic 14,109 17,140
9 Flag of the United States 10,028 10,716 United States
10 Flag of the People's Republic of China 9854 China 6121
11 Cuba 9,795 10,157
12 Flag of Argentina Argentina 8,611 9,070
13 Lebanon 6,631 7,228
14 Guyana 6,612 4,488
15 Flag of Brazil Brazil 4766 4223
16 Flag of Uruguay 4631 Uruguay 5454
17 Germany 3926 N / D
18 Flag of France France 3610 4438
19 Flag of Mexico Mexico 3075 2756
20 Flag of Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago 2,729 3,451
21 Nicaragua 1,905 2,033
22 Flag of Bolivia Bolivia 1,814 1,936
23 Flag of Haiti Haiti 1,661 1,593
Flag of the United Kingdom 24 United Kingdom 1,614 1,695
25 Flag of Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia 1,196 826
26 Flag of Costa Rica Costa Rica 1,136 1,494
27 Morocco 1,061 1,456
28 Flag of Panama Panama 963 1,216
29 Flag of Canada Canada 952 772
30 El Salvador 896 897
31 Flag of Austria Austria 792 955
32 Greece 762 N / D
33 Yugoslavia 696 1,479
Switzerland 34 Switzerland 644 718
35 Flag of the Netherlands Netherlands 595 579
36 Israel 593 826
37 Puerto Rico 528 925
38 Flag of Japan Japan 446 689
39 Flag of Guatemala Guatemala 424 531
40 Aruba 410 N / D
41 Belgium 388 607
42 Flag of Honduras Honduras 305 N / D
43 Flag of Jordan Jordan 261 554
44 Flag of Egypt Egypt 255 N / D
45 Granada 232 N / D
46 Flag of Sweden Sweden 138 N / D
47 Flag of Iran Iran 116 N / D
48 Flag of Barbados Barbados 82 N / D
49 Saint Lucia 25 N / D
50 Dominica 8 N / D
Other countries 37,554 82,755
TOTAL 1,015,538 1,024,121
Source: INE (2001) [3] and CEPAL (1990) [4] | Contributed by: Text, Spanish Wikipedia; machine translation by Google
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Uruguay | | Date: The 20th Century | Notes: Italian settlement in Uruguay
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Flag of Italy Italian Uruguayan Flag of Uruguay
Italo Uruguayano
Notable Italian-Uruguayans
Diego Forlan ? Enzo Francescoli ? Walter Pandiani
Julio Sanguinetti
Total population
est.1,500,000
est.50% of the population
Regions with significant populations
Throughout Uruguay
Languages
Rioplatense Spanish. Minority speaks Italian and Italian dialects.
Religion
Predominantly Roman Catholicism
Related ethnic groups
Italians, Italian Argentine, Italian Brazilian, Italian American, Italo-Venezuelans
An Italian Uruguayan (Spanish: italo-uruguayo, Italian: italo-uruguaiano) is an Uruguayan citizen of full or partial Italian ancestry. Almost half of the population is of Italian origin or has some degree of Italian descent. Italians began arriving to Uruguay in great numbers in the 1870s, and this migratory flow continued to the 1960s.
The Italian settlement, along with the Spanish, formed the backbone of today's Uruguayan society. Like its neighbour country Argentina, the culture of Uruguay exhibits significant connections to Italian culture; in terms of language, customs and traditions.
History
The first Italians arrived in the colony of the Spanish in the sixteenth century. Liguri were primarily in the Republic of Genoa, who worked in business and commerce related to the transoceanic shipping. The stream grew nell'Ottocento and - after 'independence' Uruguay - were some of thousands of Italian-Uruguay concentrated in the capital Montevideo.
The primacy of Liguria and Piedmont was altered after the first Lombardi, exiles, craftsmen and farmers and by the followers of Garibaldi, largely southern, not totally inexperienced, and even those active in various ways, except for a minority of adventurers.
In the early seventies this wave reached its maximum and was followed by a sharp fall, to coincide with economic and political upheavals that unites the two countries Platense. From 1875 to 1890 there was the climax of the parable of immigration to Uruguay in this period almost only Spanish and Italian, but mainly Italian. Then the recall of the Italian immigrants went on gradually diminishing for grand'attrazione exerted by Argentina, Brazil and the United States.
After the unification of Italy there was a considerable emigration from 'to Italy' s Uruguay, which reached its peak during the last decades of the 'nineteenth century when more than 110,000 immigrants arrived in Italy. In the early twentieth century migration began to run out and now (in 2003) there are only 33,000 Italians in the South American.
In 1976 the Uruguayan with Italian descent were over one million and three hundred thousand (ie almost 40% of the total population, including the Italo-Argentine residents in Uruguay). The highest concentration is found not only in Montevideo, the city of Paysand? (where almost 65% of the population is of Italian origin).
Italian community
The first Italian immigrants who arrived in the land were almost all of the origin of the Genoese, Piedmontese, Neapolitan, Sicilian and Venetian.
In the first half of 'nineteenth century there was the participation of Giuseppe Garibaldi to the wars for independence of Uruguay, and many Italian patriots Uruguay felt attracted to the ideas of the leader.
The political movement which joined many residents of the Rio de la Plata with Italian was called Current Garibaldina. In recognition of Garibaldi there were many tributes to his memory as a "Avenida" (Course) of Montevideo with its name, a monument to his memory in the city of Salto, el 'Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires, among others.
The Castle Piria. Francesco Piria created the seaside resort called Piri?polis (near Punta del Este) in the early twentieth century, and built his mansion in the shape of castelloTra the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, came the third phase of immigration coming from ' Italy. This immigration wave that was transforming, as during this period Uruguay experienced significant changes in style and quality of life of its population.
The Italians who arrived in this period, as well as in the fourth stage after the Second World War, gave a great contribution to architecture and gastronomy Uruguayan. In this period there was the foundation of 'Italian Hospital of Montevideo, which last decade of the nineteenth century, and which bears the name of an Italian monarch, King Umberto I of Savoy.
Italians who emigrated to Uruguay in 'Ottocento worked mainly in construction, trade and agriculture. Some were able to open the road as politicians and businessmen in the twentieth century. Indeed Piria Francis, son of Genoa, became one of the leading manufacturers of the South American state, creating even a seaside town that still bears his name: Piri?polis. Various Italo-Presidents of Uruguay Uruguay became (as Addiego, Demicheli, Gabriel Terra, and Baldomir Ferrari Sanguinetti) and writers of international renown (as Delmira Agustini and Mario Benedetti).
The Italian community during the Presidency of Gabriel Terra and Baldomir Ferrari
The period of the thirties was a time when the Italian community reached a primary importance in Uruguayan society. Coincided with the rise to power dell'italia-Uruguayan Gabriel Terra from 1931 to 1938 and his successor (and relatives) Baldomir Ferrari (1938-1943). The Italian-Uruguayan President Gabriel Terra got the dam of the hydroelectric dam "Rinc?n del Bonete, on the Rio Negro, was built and partially financed mainly by the Italian government in the years of the two Presidents trentaQuesti openly appreciated Italian Fascism and tried to imitate some characteristics and corporate policies.
In Montevideo, for example, there was a political Fascio with 1,200 members, 150 volunteers who gave Italian-Uruguayans the Italian conquest of Ethiopia in 1936. The President was able to obtain land and funding support from Mussolini (and Hitler) to build the dam on the Rio Negro, creating the largest artificial lake in South America. [4] In addition, Earth promoted the beginning of the process of 'industrialization by means of the Italian companies.
The Italian diplomat Mazzolini said that Mussolini considered the 'Uruguay as the state more "Italian" of the Americas, with which to make a possible future alliance also political and ethnic-racial. L 'Italian gained considerable importance in Montevideo in those years and became compulsory in secondary schools in Uruguay in 1942, under President Baldomir Ferrari.
Characteristics of the Italian community
An overall evaluation of Italian immigrants to Uruguay from its independence until the sixties of the twentieth century has them set at least 350,000 but, given the balance of migration, we must reduce it by half. This is a great value, however, that through generations of families has led to a considerable contribution to the Uruguayan population, estimated by the fact that over one third of the entire population of the Italian port names.
Breaking the flow, to examine the numerical quantity, s'individuano more periods with different characteristics: 1) the first two decades in 1830-50, in which at least 20,000 immigrants arrived, almost all of Piedmont and Liguria. 2) the second in the following decade, during which landed in Montevideo an equally high number of Italians (about 25,000 emigrants Lombardi and the rule Sardo). 3) the third in the sixties and seventies the 'nineteenth century, where the normal current of the North-West up to Livorno, approached the southern and Garibaldina for a total of about 90,000 Italians. 4) the fourth in the last decades of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, characterized by 'mass migration, stimulated by the propaganda and prepaid journey, but generally poorly trained and illiterate (110,000 Italians) will swell the urban proletariat Montevideo. 5) The fifth in the twentieth century after the First World War, marked by emigration and often enough qualified policy (about 15,000 Italians).
49% of Italians are currently residing in Uruguay comes from the northern parts of the Peninsula, 17% from central regions and 34% from the south. The Italian regions of origin are more: Campania, with 5231 residents (16% of total), Sydney (5029), Piedmont (4250), Lazio (3353) and Liguria (3018) [6].
In 2007 Italian citizens (including Uruguayan dual citizenship) resident in Uruguay is 71,115 [7]. The entire Italian community is held in high esteem by the Uruguayan population, also by a marked process italianisation in society especially in the local cuisine (like caruso sauce) and the local dialect (such as Lunfardo, which probably derives from the dialect word " Lumbarda "of immigrants from Lombardy).
In Uruguay, although the Italian influence was more isolated (only 27% of the Italo-Uruguay reside outside the metropolitan area of the capital), there were different Italian communities and founded several cultural entities (as in Rivera, the border with Brazil [8]).
Alfredo Baldomir Ferrari, President of Uruguay from 1938 to 1943. In 1942 decreed the obligation to study the 'Italian in secondary schools in Uruguay. Paysand? A - the third of the city, near the border with' Argentina - saw the greatest Italian influence, it is currently estimated that over 60% of its population of about 80,000 inhabitants is of Italian origin. Furthermore, there is still widespread, the Italian language, thanks to the fact that Italian is compulsory education and / or secondary schools in facoltatitvo dell 'Uruguay. Among the companies-Italian Uruguay most famous of the city must mention the EU and benevolence, the Scuola Italiana and the Italian Federation of Paysand?.
The Group of Paysand? Lombardi keeps cultural ties with the Italian emigration, especially from Sydney [9].
Main groups of the Italian
Italian Associations in Uruguay are relatively numerous. The main ones are:
Scuola Italiana di Montevideo ([2]) Circle Lucano ([3]) Association of Sons of Tuscany ([4]) Association Veneti in Uruguay ([5]) Group of Paysand? Lombardi ([6]) Group Trentini Rivera ([7])
Press and Italian
The Italian-Uruguayan President Alfredo Baldomir Ferrari in 1942 made mandatory the study of English in secondary schools of the state.
This legislation has made Uruguay the only state in the Americas where the Italian for sixty years had an official status in the local teaching equal to that of the national language [10].
In Montevideo there is a private school (Scuola Italiana di Montevideo) around which is better educated class of the Italian community in the capital. There are also plans to open an Italian university [11].
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_settlement_in_Uruguay"
| Contributed by: Courtesy of Wikipedia
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Uruguay (in English translation) | | Date: The 20th Century | Notes: Italian-Uruguayans
Uruguay Italo-Italians are in radicatisi 'Uruguay in recent centuries, and their descendants.
Index
History
The first Italians arrived in the colony of the Spanish in the sixteenth century.
Liguri were primarily in the Republic of Genoa, who worked in business and commerce related to the transoceanic shipping.
The stream grew nell'Ottocento and - after 'independence' Uruguay - were some of thousands of Italian-Uruguay concentrated in the capital Montevideo.
"The primacy of Liguria and Piedmont was altered after the first Lombardi, exiles, craftsmen and farmers and by the followers of Garibaldi, largely southern, not totally inexperienced, and even those active in various ways, except for a minority of adventurers. In the early seventies this wave reached its maximum and was followed by a sharp fall, to coincide with economic and political upheavals that unites the two countries Platense. From 1875 to 1890 there was the climax of the parable of immigration to Uruguay in this period almost only Spanish and Italian, but mainly Italian. Then the recall of the Italian immigrants went on gradually diminishing for grand'attrazione exerted by Argentina, Brazil and the United States. [1]
After the unification of Italy there was a considerable emigration from 'to Italy' s Uruguay, which reached its peak during the last decades of the 'nineteenth century when more than 110,000 immigrants arrived in Italy.
In the early twentieth century migration began to run out and now (in 2003) there are only 33,000 Italians in the South American.
In 1976 the Uruguayan with Italian descent were over one million and three hundred thousand (ie almost 40% of the total population, including the Italo-Argentine residents in Uruguay). [2]
The highest concentration is found not only in Montevideo, the city of Paysand? (where almost 65% of the population is of Italian origin).
Italian community
The first Italian immigrants who arrived in the land were almost all of the origin of the Genoese, Piedmontese, Neapolitan, Sicilian and Venetian.
In the first half of 'nineteenth century there was the participation of Giuseppe Garibaldi to the wars for independence of Uruguay, and many Italian patriots Uruguay felt attracted to the ideas of the leader.
The political movement which joined many residents of the Rio de la Plata with Italian was called Current Garibaldina. In recognition of Garibaldi there were many tributes to his memory as a "Avenida" (Course) of Montevideo with its name, a monument to his memory in the city of Salto, el 'Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires, among others.
The Castle Piria. Francesco Piria created the seaside resort called Piri?polis (near Punta del Este) in the early twentieth century, and built his mansion in the shape of a castle
Between the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, came the third phase of immigration from Italy. This immigration wave that was transforming, as during this period Uruguay experienced significant changes in style and quality of life of its population.
The Italians who arrived in this period, as well as in the fourth stage after the Second World War, gave a great contribution to architecture and gastronomy Uruguayan. In this period there was the foundation of 'Italian Hospital of Montevideo, which last decade of the nineteenth century, and which bears the name of an Italian monarch, King Umberto I of Savoy.
Italians who emigrated to Uruguay in 'Ottocento worked mainly in construction, trade and agriculture. Some were able to open the road as politicians and businessmen in the twentieth century. Indeed Piria Francis, son of Genoa, became one of the leading manufacturers of the South American state, creating even a seaside town that still bears his name: Piri?polis. Various Italo-Presidents of Uruguay Uruguay became (as Addiego, Demicheli, Gabriel Terra, and Baldomir Ferrari Sanguinetti) and writers of international renown (as Delmira Agustini and Mario Benedetti).
The Italian community during the Presidency of Gabriel Terra and Baldomir Ferrari
The period of the thirties was a time when the Italian community reached a primary importance in Uruguayan society. Coincided with the rise to power dell'italia-Uruguayan Gabriel Terra from 1931 to 1938 and his successor (and relatives) Baldomir Ferrari (1938-1943).
The Italian-Uruguayan President Gabriel Terra got the dam of the hydroelectric dam "Rinc?n del Bonete, on the Rio Negro, was built and partially financed mainly by the Italian government in the thirties
These two Presidents of the openly appreciated Italian Fascism and tried to imitate some characteristics and corporate policies. [3]
In Montevideo, for example, there was a political Fascio with 1,200 members, 150 volunteers who gave Italian-Uruguayans the Italian conquest of Ethiopia in 1936.
The President was able to obtain land and funding support from Mussolini (and Hitler) to build the dam on the Rio Negro, creating the largest artificial lake in South America. [4] In addition, Earth promoted the beginning of the process of 'industrialization by means of the Italian companies.
The Italian diplomat Mazzolini said that Mussolini considered the 'Uruguay as the state more "Italian" of the Americas, with which to make a possible future alliance also political and ethnic-racial. [5]
L 'Italian gained considerable importance in Montevideo in those years and became compulsory in secondary schools in Uruguay in 1942, under President Baldomir Ferrari.
Characteristics of the Italian community
An overall evaluation of Italian immigrants to Uruguay from its independence until the sixties of the twentieth century has them set at least 350,000 but, given the balance of migration, we must reduce it by half. This is a great value, however, that through generations of families has led to a considerable contribution to the Uruguayan population, estimated by the fact that over one third of the entire population of the Italian port names.
Breaking the flow, to examine the numerical quantity, s'individuano more periods with different characteristics:
1) the first two decades in 1830-50, in which at least 20,000 immigrants arrived, almost all of Piedmont and Liguria.
2) the second in the following decade, during which landed in Montevideo an equally high number of Italians (about 25,000 emigrants Lombardi and the rule Sardo).
3) the third in the sixties and seventies the 'nineteenth century, where the normal current of the North-West up to Livorno, approached the southern and Garibaldina for a total of about 90,000 Italians.
4) the fourth in the last decades of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, characterized by 'mass migration, stimulated by the propaganda and prepaid journey, but generally poorly trained and illiterate (110,000 Italians) will swell the urban proletariat Montevideo.
5) The fifth in the twentieth century after the First World War, marked by emigration and often enough qualified policy (about 15,000 Italians).
49% of Italians are currently residing in Uruguay comes from the northern parts of the Peninsula, 17% from central regions and 34% from the south. The Italian regions of origin are more: Campania, with 5231 residents (16% of total), Sydney (5029), Piedmont (4250), Lazio (3353) and Liguria (3018) [6].
In 2007 Italian citizens (including Uruguayan dual citizenship) resident in Uruguay is 71,115 [7]. The entire Italian community is held in high esteem by the Uruguayan population, also by a marked process italianisation in society especially in the local cuisine (like caruso sauce) and the local dialect (such as Lunfardo, which probably derives from the dialect word " Lumbarda "of immigrants from Lombardy).
In Uruguay, although the Italian influence was more isolated (only 27% of the Italo-Uruguay reside outside the metropolitan area of the capital), there were different Italian communities and founded several cultural entities (as in Rivera, the border with Brazil [8]).
Alfredo Baldomir Ferrari, President of Uruguay from 1938 to 1943. In 1942 decreed the obligation to study the 'Italian in secondary schools in Uruguay.
A Paysand - the third of the city, near the border with 'Argentina - saw the greatest Italian influence, it is currently estimated that over 60% of its population of about 80,000 inhabitants is of Italian origin. Furthermore, there is still widespread, the Italian language, thanks to the fact that Italian is compulsory education and / or secondary schools in facoltatitvo dell 'Uruguay. Among the companies-Italian Uruguay most famous of the city must mention the EU and benevolence, the Scuola Italiana and the Italian Federation of Paysand?.
The Group of Paysand? Lombardi keeps cultural ties with the Italian emigration, especially from Sydney.
Main groups of the Italian
Italian Associations in Uruguay are relatively numerous. The main ones are:
* Scuola Italiana di Montevideo ([2])
* Circle Lucano ([3])
* Associazione Figli della Toscana ([4])
* Association Veneti in Uruguay ([5])
* Group of Paysand? Lombardi ([6])
* Group Trentini Rivera ([7])
Press and Italian
The Italian-Uruguayan President Alfredo Baldomir Ferrari in 1942 made mandatory the study of English in secondary schools of the state.
This legislation has made Uruguay the only state in the Americas where the Italian for sixty years had an official status in the local teaching equal to that of the national language [10].
In Montevideo there is a private school (Scuola Italiana di Montevideo) around which is better educated class of the Italian community in the capital. There are also plans to open an Italian university [11].
This fact has led to a significant spread of the Italian Press in Uruguay. Currently, the most important publications in Italian are:
* The Corriere della Scuola, quarterly (Montevideo, 1989), editor Adriana Testoni (Scuola Italiana di Montevideo), director John Costanzelli. (Site)
* L'Eco d'Italia, weekly (Montevideo, 1963), publisher Alessandro Cario, director Stefano Casini. (Site)
* People of Italy, daily (Montevideo, 2005), publisher Gruppo Editoriale Porps International Inc., Director Domenico Porpiglia. (Site)
* Meetings, Monthly (Montevideo, 1974), publisher and director father, Salvatore F. Mazzitelli (Congregation Scalabriniana).
* ANCRI newsletter, monthly (Montevideo, 1962), publisher and editor John Costanzelli (Association of Former Fighters).
* Space Italia, monthly (Montevideo, 1999), publisher and editor Laura Vera Righi (Associazione Italiana Group Bonds). (Site)
Famous Italian-Uruguay
* Rafael Addiego Bruno, President of 'Uruguay
* Mario Benedetti, writer
* Alberto Demicheli, President of 'Uruguay
* Alcides ghiggia, American
* Alfredo Baldomir Ferrari, President of 'Uruguay
* Enzo Francescoli Uriarte, American
* Luis Giannattasio Finocchietti, President of 'Uruguay
* Cetrulo Benito Nardone, President of 'Uruguay
* Juan Carlos Onett, writer
* Julio Mar?a Sanguinetti, President of 'Uruguay
* Juan Alberto Schiaffino, American
* Gabriel Terra, President of 'Uruguay
* Michele Andreoli, American
* Feliciano Viera, President of 'Uruguay
* Francis Piria, contractor
* Delmira Agustini, poet
| Contributed by: Text, Italian Wikipedia; machine translation by Google
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Uruguay | | Date: Current | | Notes: "Ospedale Italiano di Montevideo "Umberto I", costruito in stile neoclassico nel 1890 dall'architetto Italo-uruguayano Luigi Andreoni." | Contributed by: Courtesy of Italian Wikipedia
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Uruguay | | Date: The 20th Century | | Notes: "Il Castello Piria. Francesco Piria cre? la cittadina balneare chiamata Piri?polis (vicino Punta del Este) agli inizi del Novecento, e vi costru? la sua mansione a forma di castello." | Contributed by: Courtesy of Italian Wikipedia
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Canada | | Date: Current | Notes: Italian Canadians
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Notable Italian Canadians:
Michael Buble ? Michael Cera ? Hayden Christensen ? Ivana Santilli
Total population
1.45 million, 4.6% of Canada's population
Regions with significant populations
Toronto: 467,000, Montreal: 260,000
Languages
Predominantly English and/or French. Also Italian and/or Italian dialects.
Religion
Predominantly Roman Catholic
An Italian Canadian is a Canadian of Italian descent or heritage. As of the 2006 census, 1,445,335 Canadians (4.6% of total population) consider themselves to be of Italian origin, according to the 2006 Canadian census. The Italian-Canadian population climbed by more than 12% and half (over 700,000) have combined Italian origins along with another ethnic group, mostly other European ethnic groups.[1] Altogether, Italians continue to be the 5th largest ethnic group in Canada after British and Irish origins, French origin and German origin.
History
Italians were among some of the earliest Europeans to migrate to North America. A number of the early explorers such as John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) and Giovanni da Verrazzano were Italians. During the New France era, France also occupied parts of Italy and there was a significant Italian presence in the French military forces in the colony. Notable were Alphonse de Tonty, who helped establish Detroit, and Henri de Tonti, who journeyed with La Salle in his exploration of the Mississippi River. Italians made up a small portion of the population, however, and quickly lost their ethnic identities. In 1881, only 1849 Canadians claimed to be Italian. A number of Italians were imported to work as navvies in the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway.
A substantial influx began in the early twentieth century when over a hundred thousand Italians moved to Canada. These were largely peasants from the poorer southern portion of Italy. They mainly immigrated to Toronto and Montreal, both of which soon had large Italian communities. Smaller communities also arose in Hamilton, Vancouver, Windsor, Niagara Falls, Ottawa, Sherbrooke, Quebec City, Sudbury and the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean area. Many also settled in mining communities in British Columbia, Alberta, Cape Breton Island and Northern Ontario. The Northern Ontario cities of Sault Ste. Marie and Fort William were quite heavily populated by Italian immigrants. There was a Royal Commission appointed to Inquire into the Immigration of Italian Labourers to Montreal and alleged Fraudulent Practices of Employment Agencies in 1905, which exposed the abuses of immigration agents known as padroni.
This migration was largely halted by World War I, and new immigration laws in the 1920s limited Italian immigration. During World War II, Italian-Canadians, as well as German-Canadians were regarded with suspicion and faced a great deal of discrimination. Those who had been actively pro-Fascist, and some who were falsely accused, were interned at Camp Petawawa during the war. There was no mass internment as befell Japanese-Canadians, however.
A second wave occurred after the Second World War when Italians left the war-impoverished country for opportunities in a young and growing country. In the 1960s, immigration laws were again changed, and the bias in favour of Europeans was removed. In the same period, Italy was rapidly growing in wealth, and by the early 1970s fewer Italians were interested in emigration.
Demographics
As of 2006, 1,449,695 Canadians residents stated they had Italian ancestry, in which 741,045 had sole Italian origins while the other 704,285 were of partial Italian origin along with other ethnic origins, chiefly with other European ethnic groups e.g. Italian-Irish, Italian-English, Italian-French, etc. The latter group climbed by almost 25%, while the Italian Canadian population as a whole grew by 12% since the 2001 census.
Canadians of Italian ancestry make up 4.6% of the population of Canada, a rise from 4.3% in 2001. The majority live in Ontario (867,980) where they constitute more than seven per cent of the population, while another 300,000 live in Quebec.
'Canadians of Italian descent by province and territory' Province/Territory Canadians of Italian ancestry
population Per cent of
population
Newfoundland and Labrador 1,375 0.27%
Prince Edward Island 1,005 0.75%
Nova Scotia 13,505 1.5%
New Brunswick 5,900 0.8%
Quebec 299,655 4.0%
Ontario 867,980 7.2%
Manitoba 21,405 1.9%
Saskatchewan 7,970 0.8%
Alberta 82,015 2.5%
British Columbia 143,160 3.5%
Yukon 620 2.0%
Northwest Territories 610 1.5%
Nunavut 125 0.4%
The main concentrations of Canadians of Italian ancestry are in the following metropolitan areas and Census agglomerations:
* Greater Toronto Area (467,015) or 9.2% of total population.
* Greater Montreal Area (261,115) or 7.3% of total population. (15.6% of Anglophone Montrealers)
* Vancouver/Lower Mainland (76,525) or 3.6% of total population.
* Hamilton, Ontario (72,770) or 10.6% of total population.
* St.Catharines-Niagara (49,045) or 12.7% of total population.
* Ottawa-Hull (45,210) or 4% of total population.
* Windsor, Ontario (33,865) or 10.5% of total population.
The York Region community of Vaughan, Ontario, located just north of Toronto, has almost 100,000 Italian residents accounting for 40% of the total population; this area has the largest concentration of Italians in Canada. Sizeable Italian communities are also located in Calgary Region, Edmonton Capital Region, London, Ontario, Winnipeg Capital Region, North Bay, Ontario, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Oshawa, Ontario, Sudbury, Ontario, and Guelph, Ontario.
In 2001, about three-quarters of the 1.3 million Canadians of Italian descent (903,375) were born in Canada according to the 2001 Census and 315,455 Canadian residents were born in Italy. Of those 315,000 immigrants, almost half (46.7%) immigrated to Canada before 1961, 38.3% between 1961 and 1970, another 10.3% between 1971 and 1980. Italian immigration to Canada since 1981 has been very slow with only 6.4% of Italian immigrants coming to Canada since 1981.
More than half of Canadians of Italian origins (670,300) claimed English as their mother tongue, 81,000 French and 469,485 Italian. Their religious profile represents the historical ties with Italy. Out of the 1.3 million Italians in Canada, 1,015,725 or 79.9% are Roman Catholic [2], 113,455 or 8.9% Protestant, 23,805 or 1.8% other Christian. Those who do not profess a faith constitute 109,515 or 8.2%. The largest non-Christian faith that some Italians follow is Judaism.
Canadians of Italian ancestry had above-average incomes ($34,871 average employment income vs. $ 31,757 for all Canadians) and below-average unemployment rates (5.4% compared to 7.4% for the Canadian labour force as a whole). While they work in all walks of life, they represent a disproportionate number of Canada's construction workers: 6 % of Canadians employed in the construction industry are of Italian ancestry. On the other hand, they are under-represented in agriculture. In other industries, the proportion of Canadians of Italian ancestry is not far from their percentage of the general population.
Italian-Canadian media
Radio and television
The first multicultural radio station in Canada (CFMB) began broadcasting at Montreal in 1962. Founded by Casimir Stanczykowkski, a Pole, peak hours programming was nonetheless mostly in Italian. Four years later, in 1966, Johnny Lombardi founded a similar radio station (CHIN) in Toronto. CFMB has become a cultural bulwark for Italians in Montreal, however, the station's programming is often criticized as being geared only toward the older generations. Hardly any new pop songs from Italy, for instance, receive airtime and older songs from the 1970s and 1980s are usually privileged. A short programme on Friday afternoons, Spazio ai giovani, was recently introduced to address these criticisms.
Dan Iannuzzi founded the first multicultural television station in Canada (CFMT-TV), which began operations at Toronto in 1979. Now owned by Rogers Communications, the service has spun off into two multicultural television services in southern Ontario: OMNI-1 and OMNI-2. TeleItalia, an Italian-language television service, was founded in Montreal shortly thereafter. TeleItalia shared airtime with other multicultural programming at the station but had the most and best timeslots. TeleItalia programming included programming purchased from RAI, the Italian state broadcaster, as well as numerous locally-produced programmes, including the nightly newscast at six o'clock. In 1997, a reform of the city's multicultural television station (CJNT) saw a drastic decline in the quality of all programming and major cuts to airtime. At one time, CJNT was on air for less than twelve hours a day. The CanWest Global company later purchased the station and has since improved programming. Nevertheless, there is now little Italian programming shown.
A third station, Telelatino (TLN) of Toronto, is widely available through cable distribution. Though offering programmes in both Spanish and Italian, most of TLN's revenue (70%) is derived from the latter. TLN, along with RAI International, an arm of the Italian state broadcaster RAI, has recently been at the centre of a dispute over Italian-language broadcasting in Canada. Telelatino had carried since 1984 some RAI content in addition to locally produced shows and dubbed Spanish programming from Latin America. By the beginning of this decade, however, there was growing dissatisfaction with TLN programming, especially in Montreal. Critics in Montreal labelled TLN's locally-produced shows too "Torontocentric" and poked fun at dubbed Spanish programming bought from Latin American stations. Most of these latter shows were soap operas filmed in the 1980s.
RAI controversy
In 2003, RAI pulled its content from Telelatino and petitioned the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) to set up its own channel. This effort was backed by Rogers Communications. The Italian community in Montreal was almost wholly in favour of admitting RAI. The Committee for Italians Living Abroad in Montreal (COM.IT.ES.), an arm of the Italian foreign ministry, led the campaign to have RAI admitted. The Italian community in Toronto, however, was divided. Some in Toronto saw the move as part of a scheme by Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi to gain greater influence over the Italian language media in Canada. Italian law provides the Italian diaspora votes in Italian elections and permanent seats in the Italian parliament. Unlike the more independent Telelatino, RAI was widely seen as pro-Berlusconi. Those in favour of the RAI in Montreal pointed out that TLN quickly replaced its RAI programming with shows bought from SKY, a private television network. Berlusconi is said to have much more control over his private TV companies than over the state-run RAI.
In November 2003, community leaders in Montreal led a protest march in Ottawa under the slogan "RAI Now". They then presented a petition with some tens of thousands of signatures in favour of their cause. The CRTC initially turned down the application allowing RAI International to broadcast in Canada, declaring it would be impossible to set up a domestic Italian channel if that came to pass. In Montreal editorials lambasting the federal government and the CRTC were published in the community newspapers and leaders spoke out again a perceived injustice. With a federal election set for the summer of 2004, one in which the Liberal Party did not seem guaranteed a victory, opinion makers in Montreal began asking if Italians were simply not sheep herded along by the Liberals. (The great majority of Italians in Montreal are Liberal and federalist). Many called on voters to vote against the Liberal party which was blamed for the CRTC's decision. Ultimately, nervous Liberal candidates signed a statement days before the vote, guaranteeing that RAI would be broadcasting within a year or that the laws would be changed to permit it. The Liberals won their election and in the spring of 2005, the CRTC reversed its earlier decision. RAI thus began broadcasting in June of that year.
Newspapers
The first Italian-language newspaper in Canada was Il Cittadino Canadese founded in Montreal in 1941, followed by Il Corriere Italiano, founded by Alfredo Gagliardi also in Montreal in the early 1950s. Corriere Canadese, founded by Dan Iannuzzi in 1954, is Canada's only Italian-language daily today and is published in Toronto; its weekend (English-language) edition is published as Tandem. Other newspapers include Insieme (Montreal),L'Ora di Ottawa (Ottawa, Ontario) and Il Postino (Ottawa, Ontario). Il Postino was established in 2000 by a young group of local Ottawa Italian Canadians to convey the history of the Italian community in Ottawa. (www.ilpostinocanada.com). Insieme was originally founded by the Italian Catholic parishes of Montreal but has since been put under private ownership. It nevertheless retains an emphasis on religious articles.
Many of the older Italian newspapers are criticized, like CFMB radio, for only serving the interests of the older generations. Several trendier, more modern magazines or newspapers have thus been founded. Many are run by recent Italian immigrants to Canada and are geared towards youth. However, most have failed or are published sporadically due to financial problems. The movement to support these upstart newspapers, however, is fairly strong in Montreal where many people under 40 years old can still communicate in Italian. Eyetalian magazine was launched in 1993 as a challenging, independent magazine of Italian-Canadian culture. It encountered commercial difficulty, and leaned towards a general lifestyle magazine format before concluding publication later in the 1990s. Italo of Montreal is published sporadically and is written in Italian, with some articles in French and English. Dealing with current affairs and community news. La Comunit?, while an older publication, was taken over by the youth wing of the National Congress of Italian Canadians (Qu?bec chapter) in the late 1990s. It experimented with different formats but was later cancelled due to lack of funding.
Notable Canadians of Italian descent
Many Italian immigrants found work in the constructions trades, and later built their own construction businesses. Canadians of Italian ancestry can now be found in almost any profession in Canada. For a more complete list of notable individuals, see: List of Italian Canadians.
Italian districts in Canada
Windsor
* "Via Italia", Erie St., Windsor, ON
Montreal
* Little Italy, Montreal
o Church of the Madonna della Difesa
* Citt? Italiana, nickname for Saint Leonard, Quebec, a borough of Montreal
o Centro Leonardo Da Vinci
* Via Italia
* R.D.P., a borough of Montreal
* LaSalle, a borough of Montreal
* St.Leonard, a borough of Montreal
Ottawa
* Little Italy, Ottawa
o St. Anthony of Padua (Ottawa)
Hamilton
* Stoney Creek, Ontario
Toronto
* Little Italy, Toronto
* Corso Italia, Toronto
* Woodbridge, Ontario
British Columbia
* Little Italy, Vancouver
* Trail, British Columbia
For original text with references see Wikipedia, "Italian Canadians." | Contributed by: Courtesy of Wikipedia
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Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada | | Date: 2008 | | Notes: Halifax was founded in 1749. In the early part of the 19th century immigrants came through Pier 2, also known as the deep-water terminal. This terminal was seriously damaged by the Halifax Explosion in 1917 but was repaired and re-used until the 1920s. Pier 21 was opened in 1924 but not fully used until 1928, when "the Nieuw Amsterdam" docked, marking its place in history as the first immigrant ship to arrive at the new facility. Pier 21 was in fact more than a pier -- it contained a number of number inter-connected buildings, including such facilities as Immigration Services, Customs, a hospital and detention centre.... For more information visit: www.pier21.ca. Photo: by the contributor. | Contributed by: Sue Alfieri
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Pier 21, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada | | Date: 2008 | | Notes: The photo was taken outside Pier 21, Canada's Immigration Museum, by the contributor. | Contributed by: Sue Alfieri
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Pier 21, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada | | Date: June 2008 | | Notes: "From 1928 to 1971 Pier 21 was Canada's front door to over one million immigrants...." | Contributed by: Sue Alfieri
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