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Italy and Around the World | | Date: The 20th Century | Notes: Over 50 million Italians immigrated to other parts of the world between the beginning of the 19th century to the end of the 20th century. Countries with significant people of Italian origin include:
o Brazil: 25 million Italians
o Argentina: 18 million Italians
o United States: 16.6 million Italians
o France: 1.5 million Italians
o Venezuela: 1-2 million Italians
o Uruguay: 1.5 million Italians
o Canada: 1.3 million Italians
o Australia: 1 million Italians
o Switzerland: 750,000 Italians
o Germany: 611,000 Italians
o Belgium: 280,000 Italians
o United Kingdom: 133,000 Italians
o Chile: 150,000 Italians
o Costa Rica: 122,500 Italians
o Paraguay: 100,000 Italians
o Spain: 95,337 Italians
o South Africa: 35,000 Italians
o Cuba: 33,245 Italians
o San Marino: 28,000 Italians
o Luxembourg: 20,000 Italians
o Croatia: 19,636 Italians
o Peru: 13,500 Italians
o Monaco: 10,000 Italians
o Ireland: 5,811 Italians
For more information see Wikipedia, "Italians." | Contributed by: Image courtesy of the New York Public Library, Digital Gallery, Digital # 1573605
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Italy and Around the World | | Date: The 20th Century | | Notes: According to historian and author, Dr. Marlow Schrover, governments in Europe actively supported migration of their citizens to far away lands in the late 19th century and early 20th century, worried a "surplus population of poor people would lead to social unrest." In the late 18th century only 7 per cent of Europe's population lived in the cities. Around this time population in the rural areas grew due to a decreased death rate and increased fertility, making life economically more difficult. In the 19th century the population in Europe continued to grow. Serfdom was abolished in 1861, having both positive and negative ramifications. Landowners suddenly did not have to keep workers for the entire year, but only hired "day laborers" during the harvest season, leading to further misery. Meanwhile, industry in the urban areas flourished. While in 1800 only 23 cities in Europe had a population of 100,000, in 1900 there were 123 cities that did. The "Industrial Revolution," besides mechanizing factories, also effected transportation. Suddenly, large ships and fast-moving trains made it possible to move large groups of people. This set the stage for the mass migration of peoples out of Europe and into the Americas. For an in depth look into Europe's migration patterns look up Dr. Marlou Schrover's succinct research findings at: www.let.leidenuniv.nl/history/migration/chapter3.html. | Contributed by: Image courtesy of Wikipedia
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Southern Italy | | Date: Current | | Notes: Statistics indicate that of the five million Italians who went to the Americas between 1880 and 1920, four million came from the South. Also, between 1946 and 1957 more than two million Southern Italians emigrated to the Americas and Northern Europe. Between 1951 and 1971 another 9 million Southern Italians moved to other areas of Italy (mostly to the North). According to the historian and author, Dr. Marlou Schrover, "After the unification of Italy in 1870 the North became richer and the South poorer. Small farmers in Southern Italy could not compete with large landowners in the North.... The Southern part of Italy was very poor, there was population growth and industrial and agricultural changes did not help the South. This stimulated Italians to leave their country." For more information visit: www.let.ledenuniv.nl/history/migration/chapter3.html. | Contributed by: Mary Melfi
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Molise, Italy | | Date: n.d. | | Notes: Molise has had the highest rate of immigration per capita. Of all the towns in Italy, Casacalenda in the province of Campobasso and in the region Molise, ranks as the No. 1 place where most people (per capita) left for other areas. While the majority of individuals went to the Americas, some moved to other parts of Italy or Europe. Some historians admit to being perplexed by the mass exodus of peoples that took place from Molise in the early part of the 20th century as this region was not one of the poorer ones in Italy at the time. A number of experts on the subject have suggested that the reason so many people left the area was because the local culture supported the idea of moving to "greener pastures" -- literally! Molise's fertile mountain ranges were ideal for the raising of sheep. Many subsistence farmers had their own flocks. These farmers often traveled from one area to another in search of food for their animals. So the idea of moving or traveling to different areas of the country in order to survive (and/or improve their standard of living) was seen as part of the norm. Also, many subsistence farmers in Molise owned their own land (unlike in other areas of the South where individuals either worked for large landowners or rented land from them), making them more mobile. Often, farmers from Molise used part of their land as collateral to (literally) buy their tickets to l'America.... | Contributed by: Courtesy of the New York Public Library, Digital Gallery
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Italy | | Date: 20th century | Notes: Retrieved from "http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo-brasiliani"
Image title: "Navio d emigrante." | Contributed by: Italian Wikipedia
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"Italian Diaspora" | | Date: The 20th Century | Notes: Italian diaspora
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The term Italian Diaspora refers to the large-scale migration of Italians away from Italy in the period roughly between the unification of Italy in 1861 and the beginning of World War I in 1914. The term generally refers also to the years directly following WW1. (Since 1930 and especially following World War II, there have been other periods of emigration under different circumstances. This article does not deal with those.)
Numbers
The general migration of Europeans to North and South America and Australia between 1870 and 1913 was truly massive. Forty million Europeans emigrated overseas during that period with about two-thirds of that number going to the United States. Before 1890, the emigrants were largely from central and northern Europe; after that date, the majority came from southern Europe.[1]
The Italian contribution to the flow of emigration was significant. A few population figures on Italy of that period are helpful in understanding just how large the migratory flow was. Modern Italy came into existence between 1870 and 1914 with the annexation of the southern half of the peninsula (the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies) and then the final annexation of the Papal States. The new nation joined approximately 15+ million northerners with 9+ million southerners (7 from the southern peninsula and 2 from the island of Sicily. Thus, by 1870, Italy had ca. 25 million inhabitants (compared to ca. 40 million in Germany and ca. 30 million in the United Kingdom). [2] At the unification of Italy, Naples--former capital of the kingdom of the south--became the largest city in the nation and remained so for a number of years. [3] By 1900, the entire nation of Italy had just over 32 million inhabitants.
A preliminary census [4] done in 1861 after the annexation of the South claimed that there were a mere 100,000 Italians living abroad. (Early figures such as those are not absolutely reliable and serve only as a general guide.) The General Direction of Statistics did not start compiling official emigration statistics until 1876. [5]. Accurate figures on the decades between 1870 and WWI show how emigration increased dramatically during that period:
Italian emigrants per 1,000 population [6]
1870-1879 4.29
1880-1889 6.09
1890-1899 8.65
1900-1913 17.97
The high point of Italian emigration was 1913, when 872,598 persons left Italy. [4]
Extrapolating from the ca. 25 million inhabitants of Italy at the time of unification, natural birth and death rates—without considering emigration—would have been expected to produce a population of about 65 million by 1970. Instead—because of emigration earlier in the century—there were only 54 million. [7]
Most sources distinguish two periods in the "Italian diaspora": the first one runs from the unification of Italy to 1900, during which time 7 million persons migrated. Two-thirds of those were from the north, and, of the total, more than half went to other European countries. This runs contrary to a popular misconception that most Italians who left were from the south and that most of them went overseas. That is, however, a fair description of the second period—between 1900 and World War I—during which time 9 million Italians left, most from the south and most going to either North or South America. [1] Additionally, there is also a third period—the decade after WW1—that is often included in reference to the "Italian diaspora."
Causes of emigration
Historically, there are many reasons why people decide to leave their homes. Among these are political or religious persecution, overcrowding at home, and poverty. The last reason is, no doubt, the one responsible for the great "Italian diaspora." Much of Italy—and especially southern Italy—at the time of unification was rural, and land management practices—again, especially in the south—did not easily convince farmers to stay on the land and work the soil. [8]
The unification of Italy broke down the feudal land system that had survived in the south since the Middle Ages, especially where land had been the inalienable property of aristocrats, religious bodies, or the king. The breakdown of feudalism, however, and redistribution of land did not necessarily lead to small farmers in the south winding up with land of their own, land they could work and profit from. Many remained landless, and plots grew smaller and smaller (and, thus, more and more unproductive) as land was subdivided among heirs. [8]
Mezzadria –sharefarming—where tenant families got a plot to work from an owner and kept a reasonable share of the profits—was more prevalent in central Italy, which is one of the reasons there was less emigration from that part of Italy. The south lacked entrepreneurs, and absentee landlords were common. Although owning land was the basic yardstick of wealth, farming in the south was socially despised. People invested not in agricultural equipment, but in such things as low-risk state bonds. [8] Thus, when one talks about "Italian diaspora," it is best not to view it as a single Italy-wide phenomenon affecting all regions of the nation equally. In the second phase of emigration—1900 to World War I—most emigrants were from the south and most of them were from rural areas, driven off the land by inefficient land management policies. Robert Foerster, in Italian Emigration of our Times (1919) [9] says, " [Emigration has been]…well nigh expulsion; it has been exodus, in the sense of depopulation; it has been characteristically permanent."
The general rule that "emigration from cities was negligible" [8] has an important exception, and that is the city of Naples. The city went from being the capital of its own kingdom in 1860 to being just another large city in Italy. The disrupted bureaucracy and financial situation encouraged unemployment. Also, in the early 1880s, grave epidemics of cholera struck the city, causing many people to leave. The epidemics were then the driving force behind the decision to rebuild entire sections of the city, an undertaking known as the "risanamento" (lit. "making healthy again") and one that lasted until World War I. That process of tearing down and rebuilding also disrupted urban life and became another reason for many to leave the city.
Control of emigration
For at least the first few years after the unification of Italy, emigration was not particularly controlled by the state. Emigrants were often in the hands of emigration agents, whose job it was to make money for themselves by moving emigrants. Abuses led to the first special migration law in Italy, passed in 1888 to bring the many emigration agencies under state control. [5]
Also, on January 31, 1901, the Commissariat of Emigration was created. This authority granted licenses to carriers, fixed ticket costs, kept order at ports of embarkation, provided health inspection for those leaving, set up hostels and care facilities, and entered into agreements with receiving countries to help care for those arriving. In general, the Commissariat tried to take care of emigrants before they left and after they arrived. This included dealing with the labor laws in the US that discriminated against alien workers (the US alien contract labor law of 1885) and even suspending, for a while, emigration to Brazil, where many migrants had wound up as virtual serfs on large coffee plantations. [5]
The Commissariat also helped set up the arrangement by which emigrants in the United States, for example, could send back remittances to the "old country", which turned into a constant flow of money into Italy amounting, by some accounts, to about 5% of the Italian national product. [10] In 1903 the Commissariat also set the Italian ports of embarkation as Palermo, Naples and Genoa, excluding Venice, which previously had been used. [11]
In an article in the New York Times on March 12, 1904, A. Rossi, Inspector of the Royal Emigration Department of Italy, expressed surprise at the perception in the United States that Italy was still encouraging emigration. He insisted, in spite of the 200,000 arrivals in the port of New York the previous year, that the recent Italian laws were, in fact, restrictive. Italy, he said, was trying to keep its workers: "While it is true that the constant increase in the population of Italy renders emigration a necessity, it is nevertheless a fact that in certain provinces [of Italy] the great outflow is becoming a positive harm to us, because, despite the increase in wages, there is a scarcity in the local supply of laborers." Thus, it is fair to say that the Commissariat was effective in decreasing the abuses that emigrants were subject to, but did little to affect the number of emigrants, which increased steadily until the outbreak of World War I.
Interestingly, as the stock of Italian emigrants abroad increased, so did their remittances sent back home, thus encouraging further emigration, even in the face of factors that might logically be thought to decrease the need to leave (such as increased wages at home). This has been termed [1] "persistent and path-dependent emigration flow"; that is, friends and relatives who leave first, send back money for tickets, and help relatives as they arrive. This tends to support an emigration flow since even improving conditions in the sending country (Italy) take a while to trickle down to potential emigrants to convince them not to leave. Thus, the sending country is in a game of constant "catch up" with that flow and never quite catches up. The emigrant flow is stemmed only by dramatic events such as, in this case, World War I, which greatly disrupted the flow of people trying to leave Europe, or by restrictions on immigration put in place by receiving countries. Such restrictions were enacted in various places around the world to control the number of immigrants coming in. Examples of such restrictions in the United States were the Quota Act of 1920 and the National Origin Act of 1924. Also important is restrictive legislation to limit emigration from home countries. Such laws were passed in Italy by the Fascist government of the 1920s and 30s. [4]
Emigration after WWI
Although the physical perils involved with transatlantic ship traffic during the First World War obviously disrupted emigration from all parts of Europe, including Italy, the condition of various national economies in the immediate post-war period was so bad that immigration picked up almost immediately. Foreign newspapers ran "scare" stories that, substantially, were not much different than those published 40 years earlier (when, for example, on Dec. 18, 1880, the New York Times ran an editorial, "Undesirable Emigrants," that was full of typical invective of the day against the "promiscuous immigration…[of]…the filthy, wretched, lazy, criminal dregs of the meanest sections of Italy.") Somewhat toned down was a New York Times article of April 17, 1921, which reported under the headline "Italians Coming in Great Numbers" that the "Number of Immigrants Will Be Limited Only By Capacity of Liners" (there was now a limited number of ships available due to recent wartime losses) and that potential emigrants were thronging the quays in the cities of Genoa and Naples. Furthermore:
"…The stranger walking though a city like Naples can easily realize the problem the government has to do with. The side streets…are literally swarming with children, who sprawl in the paved roadway and on the sidewalks. They look dirty and happy…Suburbs of Naples…swarm with children who, for number, can only be compared to those in Delhi, Agra and other cities in the East Indies…"
The extreme economic difficulties of post-war Italy and the severe internal tensions within the nation (which led to the rise of Fascism) "pushed" 614,000 emigrants away in 1920, half of them going to the United States. ("Push" as opposed to the economic "pull" of a foreign nation in need of immigrant labor—the case in earlier decades.) When the Fascists came to power in 1922 there was a general slowdown in the flow of emigrants from Italy—eventually. However, during the first five years of Fascism, one and one-half million people left Italy. [12] That is 300,000 persons per year, a number quite comparable to the early years of the 20th century. Even as late as 1930, 300,000 emigrants left Italy in that single year. By that time, the nature of the emigrants had changed; there was, for example, a marked increase in the rise of relatives of non-working age who were moving to be with their families who had gone before.
In general, the Fascist government spun the entire emigration saga to its own benefit. A 1927 study by the Italian government estimated that there were some 9,200,000 living abroad—one fifth of the Italian nation lived abroad. [12] Thus, on the one hand, the government could claim that the slowdown in emigration was due to the successful economic policies of the government, and, on the other hand, could view the massive presence of Italians abroad as a powerful potential, a kind of cultural colonialism.
See also
* Diaspora
* Italian people
Italian diaspora
Africa
Egypt · Eritrea · Ethiopia · Libya · Somalia · Tunisia
Americas
Argentina · Brazil · Canada · Chile · Mexico · Peru · United States (Puerto Rico) · Uruguay · Venezuela
Asia
Lebanon · Syria
Europe
Albania · Belgium · Croatia (Dalmatia) · France (Corsica, Nice, Savoy) · Germany · Greece (Corfu, Dodecanese) · Malta · Netherlands · Romania · Serbia · Switzerland · UK (Scotland · Wales)
Oceania
Australia · New Zealand
For original text with references see: "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_diaspora."
| Contributed by: Text, Courtesy of Wikipedia; Image [date 1912] The Library of Congress #3g05584r
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Italy | | Date: 20th century | Notes: Retrieved from "http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo-brasiliani."
Image titled: "Imigrantes da Italia." | Contributed by: Courtesy of Italian Wikipedia
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"Emigrazione italiana" (in Italian) | | Date: The 20th Century | Notes: Emigrazione italiana
Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.
L'Italia è stata interessata al fenomeno dell'emigrazione soprattutto nei secoli XIX e XX. Il fenomeno ha riguardato dapprima il Settentrione (Piemonte, Veneto e Friuli in particolare) e, dopo il 1880, anche il mezzogiorno.
Caratteristiche
Si può distinguere l'emigrazione italiana in due grandi periodi: quello della grande emigrazione tra la fine del XIX secolo e gli anni trenta del XX secolo (dove fu preponderante l' emigrazione americana) e quello dell'emigrazione europea, che ha avuto inizio a partire dagli anni cinquanta.
La grande emigrazione
Stima del numero di emigranti nei periodi 1876-1900 e 1901-1915, divisi per regione di provenienza
« Cosa intende per nazione, signor Ministro? È una massa di infelici? Piantiamo grano ma non mangiamo pane bianco. Coltiviamo la vite, ma non beviamo il vino. Alleviamo animali, ma non mangiamo carne. Ciò nonostante voi ci consigliate di non abbandonare la nostra Patria? Ma é una Patria la terra dove non si riesce a vivere del proprio lavoro? »
(Un anonimo risponde ad un ministro italiano, sec. XIX[1])
La grande emigrazione ha avuto come punto d'origine la diffusa povertà di vaste zone dell'Italia e la voglia di riscatto d'intere fasce della popolazione, la cui partenza significò per lo Stato e la società italiana un forte alleggerimento della "pressione demografica". Essa ebbe come destinazioni soprattutto l'America del sud il Nord America (in particolare Stati Uniti, Brasile e Argentina, paesi con grandi estensioni di terre non sfruttate e necessità di mano d'opera) e, in Europa, la Francia. Ebbe modalità e forme diverse a seconda dei paesi di destinazione.
Negli Stati Uniti e in Brasile si caratterizzò prevalentemente come un'emigrazione di lungo periodo, spesso priva di progetti concreti di ritorno in Italia, mentre in Argentina ed Uruguay fu sia stabile che temporanea (emigración golondrina[2]).
I periodi interessati dal movimento migratorio vanno dal 1876 al 1915 e dal 1920 al 1929 circa. Sebbene il fenomeno fosse già presente fin dai primi anni dell'Unità d'Italia è nel 1876 che viene effettuata la prima statistica sull'emigrazione a cura della Direzione Generali di Statistica. Si stima che solo nel primo periodo partirono circa 14 milioni di persone[3] (con una punta massima nel 1913 di oltre 870.000 partenze), a fronte di una popolazione italiana che nel 1900 giungeva a circa 33 milioni e mezzo di persone.
L'emigrazione americana
Mulberry Street, Little Italy, New York, primi del '900
L'emigrazione nelle Americhe fu enorme nella seconda metà dell'Ottocento e nei primi decenni del Novecento. Quasi si esaurì durante il Fascismo, ma ebbe una piccola ripresa subito dopo la fine della seconda guerra mondiale.
Le nazioni dove più si diressero gli emigranti italiani furono gli Stati Uniti nel Nordamerica, ed il Brasile e l' Argentina nel Sudamerica. In questi tre Stati attualmente vi sono circa 65 milioni di discendenti di emigrati italiani.
Una quota importante di Italiani andò inUruguay, dove i discendenti di Italiani nel 1976 erano 1.300.000 (oltre il 40% della popolazione, per via della ridotta dimensione dello Stato).[4]
Quote consistenti di emigranti italiani si diressero anche in Venezuela e in Canada, ma vi furono anche nutrite colonie di emigranti italiani in Cile, Peru, Messico, Paraguay, Cuba e Costa Rica.
Praticamente l'emigrazione massiccia italiana nelle Americhe si esaurì negli anni sessanta, dopo il miracolo economico italiano, anche se continuò fino agli anni ottanta in Canada e Stati Uniti.
L'emigrazione europea
L'emigrazione europea della seconda metà del XX secolo, invece, aveva come destinazione soprattutto stati europei in crescita come Francia (a partire dagli anni 1850)[5], Svizzera, Belgio (a partire dagli anni 1940)[6][7] e Germania ed era considerata da molti, al momento della partenza, come un'emigrazione temporanea - spesso solo di alcuni mesi - nella quale lavorare e guadagnare per costruire, poi, un migliore futuro in Italia. Tuttavia questo fenomeno non si verificò e molti degli emigranti sono rimasti nei paesi di emigrazione.
Lo stato italiano firmò nel 1955 un patto di emigrazione con la Germania con il quale si garantiva il reciproco impegno in materia di migrazioni e che portò quasi tre milioni di italiani a varcare la frontiera in cerca di lavoro. Al giorno d'oggi sono presenti in Germania circa 650.000 cittadini italiani fino alla quarta generazione, mentre sono più di 500.000 in Svizzera: prevalentemente di origine siciliana, calabrese e pugliese, ma anche veneta ed emiliana dei quali molti ormai con doppio passaporto e possibilità di voto in entrambe le nazioni.
In Belgio e Svizzera le comunità italiane restano le più numerose rappresentanze straniere, e nonostante molti facciano rientro in Italia dopo il pensionamento, spesso i figli e i nipoti restano nelle nazioni di nascita, dove hanno ormai messo radici. Un importante fenomeno di aggregazione che si riscontra in Europa come anche negli altri paesi e continenti meta dei flussi migratori italiani è quello dell'associazionismo di emigrazione. Il Ministero degli Esteri calcola che sono presenti all'estero oltre 10.000 associazioni costituite dagli emigrati italiani nel corso di oltre un secolo. Associazioni di mutuo soccorso, culturali, di assistenza e di servizio, che hanno costituito un fondamentale punto di riferimento per le collettività emigrate nel difficile percorso di integrazione nei paesi di arrivo. Le maggiori reti associative di varia ispirazione ideale, sono oggi riunite nella CNE (Consulta Nazionale dell'Emigrazione). Una delle maggiori reti associative presente nel mondo, assieme a quelle del mondo cattolico è quello della FILEF - Federazione Italiana Lavoratori Emigranti e Famiglie.
Migrazioni interne (Italia)
Le migrazioni interne diventarono importanti negli anni '50 e '60, esse furono essenzialmente di due tipi:
* Gentlemen Migration ovvero lo spostamento di giovani rampolli dalle campagne alle città per motivi di studi.
* Trasferimento nelle città industriali dell'area Nord-ovest di giovani maschi, sposati o in procinto, con basso titolo di studio. Le donne, invece, emigrarono secondo il modello "catena di richiamo" ovvero partono prima gli uomini e successivamente c'è il ricongiungimento familiare.
A partire dal 1995 l'istituto SVIMEZ (Istituto Sviluppo Mezzogiorno) inizia ad osservare una certa ripresa dell'emigrazione interna. L'origine dei flussi continua ad essere dalle regioni del Mezzogiorno ma la destinazione prevalente è diretta, adesso, verso il Nord-est e parte del Centro. Le regioni più attive sono la Lombardia orientale, Veneto, Emilia-Romagna, Toscana e Umbria.
Tuttavia la figura dell'emigrante contemporaneo è in generale molto diversa dal suo omologo della generazione precedente. Infatti solo alcuni emigrano insieme alla famiglia, la maggior parte lo fa individualmente, si sottopone a lunghi spostamenti pendolari e condivide con altri, nella stessa condizione, un alloggio, spesso sovraffollato. Sull'asse dell'emigrazione sud-nord, bisogna segnalare i laureati che non trovando lavoro nelle vicinanze di casa, si spostano nelle regioni del nord, dove la richiesta di "cervelli" (insegnanti, medici, avvocati, ecc.) è costante, con una domanda spesso superiore all'offerta, in particolare per quel che concerne la scuola. Un altro filone è rappresentato da giovani arruolati nelle forze dell'ordine (Guardia di finanza, Carabinieri, Polizia) che prestano servizio nelle caserme del nord.
Oriundi italiani
Nei secoli XIX e XX, quasi 30 milioni d'italiani hanno lasciato l'Italia con destinazioni principali le Americhe, Australia, Europa occidentale.[8] Attualmente vivono milioni di oriundi italiani in differenti nazioni del mondo: i più numerosi sono in Brasile, Argentina e Stati Uniti d'America. Si consideri che un oriundo può avere un antenato lontano nato in Italia quindi la maggioranza di oriundi ha solo il cognome italiano ( spesso neanche quello ) e non la cittadinanza italiana. In molti Paesi, specialmente del Sud America, le stime sono molto approssimative poiché non esiste nessun tipo di censimento sulle proprie origini come accade invece in U.S.A. o Canada.
È anche da notare che queste stime si riferiscono agli oriundi, e quindi non tengono conto degli italiani residenti all'estero, censiti dall'AIRE[9].
Principali comunità di oriundi italiani nel mondo Note
bandiera Brasile 25 milioni (ca. 13-14% pop. totale) italo-brasiliani (categoria) [10] [11]
bandiera Argentina 20 milioni (ca. 50% pop. totale) italo-argentini (categoria) [12] [8]
bandiera Stati Uniti 17,8 milioni (ca. 6% pop. totale) italoamericani (categoria) [13]
bandiera Francia 1,5 - 3,5 milioni (ca. 2-8% pop. totale) italo-francesi (categoria) [8][14]
bandiera Canada 1.5 milioni (ca. 4,5% pop. totale) italo-canadesi (categoria) [15]
bandiera Uruguay 1.3 milioni (ca. 40% pop. totale) italo-uruguaiani (categoria) [8][16]
bandiera Venezuela 1 milione (ca. 4% pop. totale) italo-venezuelani (categoria)
bandiera Australia 850mila (ca. 4% pop. totale) italo-australiani (categoria) [17]
bandiera Germania 650 - 700mila (< 1% pop. totale) italo-tedeschi (categoria)
bandiera Svizzera 500 - 700mila (ca. 8-9% pop. totale) italo-svizzeri (categoria)
bandiera Perù 500mila (ca. 1.8% pop. totale) Italo-peruani (categoria) [18]
bandiera Regno Unito 300 - 500mila (< 1% pop. totale) italo-britannici (categoria)
bandiera Belgio 290mila (ca. 3% pop. totale) italo-belgi (categoria) [19]
bandiera Cile 150mila (< 1% pop. totale) Italo-cileni (categoria) [8]
bandiera Costa Rica 120mila (ca. 2% pop. totale) Italo-costaricani (categoria)
bandiera Paraguay 100mila (ca. 1,5% pop. totale) Italo-paraguaiani (categoria)
Film sull'emigrazione italiana [modifica]
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In ordine cronologico ricordiamo:
* Il cammino della speranza (1950) di Pietro Germi con Raf Vallone
* I magliari (1959) di Francesco Rosi con Alberto Sordi: storia di emigrati in Germania
* Siamo italiani di Alexander J. Seiler coadiuvato da Rob Gnant e June Kovach, CH 1964
* Il gaucho (1964), commedia all'italiana che considera anche gli emigrati italiani in Argentina; protagonisti: Vittorio Gassman, Amedeo Nazzari e Nino Manfredi
* Bello, onesto, emigrato Australia sposerebbe compaesana illibata (1971), film di Luigi Zampa con Alberto Sordi e Claudia Cardinale
* Sacco e Vanzetti (film 1971) di Giuliano Montaldo con Gian Maria Volonté e Riccardo Cucciolla
* Pane e cioccolata (1973), soggetto e sceneggiatura di Franco Brusati, con la straordinaria interpretazione di Nino Manfredi.
* Emigration di Nino Jacusso, CH 1978
* I fabbricasvizzeri (1978) di Rolf Lyssy: film satirico sull'integrazione forzata
* Alamanya Alamanya, Germania Germania di Hans Andreas Guttner, D 1979
* Ritorno a casa di Nino Jacusso, CH 1980
* China Girl (1987) di Abel Ferrara: storia di emigrati in USA dei quali uno si fidanza con una ragazza cinese
* Mamma Lucia (miniserie) (1988), miniserie televisiva prodotta in USA tratta dall'omonimo romanzo di Mario Puzo, regia di S.Cooper
* Fa' la cosa giusta (1989) di Spike Lee interpretato dallo stesso regista con Danny Aiello e John Turturro: storia di conflitto etnico tra italoamericani e afroamericani di New York
* Nel continente nero (1993), commedia che considera anche gli emigrati italiani in Kenya; protagonista: Diego Abatantuono
* Lo zio d'America (1994)
* Il barbiere di Rio (1996), commedia che considera anche gli emigrati italiani in Brasile; protagonista: Diego Abatantuono
* Terra Nostra (1999), telenovela prodotta in Brasile
* Azzurro (film) (2001), regia di Denis Rabaglia con Paolo Villaggio.
* Come l'America (2001), miniserie televisiva della RAI con Sabrina Ferilli: storia di emigranti dal Polesine in Canada dopo l'alluvione del 1951
* Vento di settembre (2002), di Alexander J.Seiler
* Marcinelle (miniserie) 2003, miniserie televisiva della RAI sul disastro di Marcinelle
* La terra del ritorno 2004, miniserie televisiva di mediaset con Sophia Loren e Sabrina Ferilli: storia di emigranti in Canada
* Sacco e Vanzetti (miniserie) (2005) di Fabrizio Costa con Ennio Fantastichini e Sergio Rubini prodotta da mediaset
* Monongah, Marcinelle americana (2006), documentario del più grave incidente sul lavoro della storia statunitense che è pure il più luttuoso disastro nella storia dei minatori italiani emigrati
* Nuovomondo di Emanuele Crialese, IT 2006; 120 min., I.T/f, 16 mm, a colori; distribuzione: 01 Distribution. L'emigrazione italiana durante il ventesimo secolo raccontata attraverso le vicende di una famiglia siciliana, i Mancuso.
* Merica di F.Ferrone, M.Manzolini, F.Ragazzi, IT 2007; 65 min., distribuzione Carta-Cantieri Sociali. Documentario sull'emigrazione italiana in Brasile e sull'immigrazione di rientro dei brasiliani in Italia
Bibliografia
* Favero, Luigi e Tassello, Graziano. Cent'anni di emigrazione italiana (1876-1976). Cser. Roma, 1978.
* FILEF. Racconti dal mondo, Ed.FILEF - 2007
* Mario Puzo. Mamma Lucia, 1971
* Gian Antonio Stella. L'orda (quando gli albanesi eravamo noi), 2002
* Martino Marazzi.Misteri di Little italy. Storie e testi della letteratura italoamericana, 2003
* Sori, Ercole. L'emigrazione italiana dall'Unità alla seconda guerra mondiale. Il Mulino. Bolgna 1979
Voci correlate
* Pregiudizio contro gli italiani
* Passaporto rosso
* Asilo politico
* Immigrazione
* Questione meridionale
* Oriundo
* Diaspora
Collegamenti esterni
* Museo Regionale dell'Emigrazione "Pietro Conti" di Gualdo Tadino (PG)
* Museo Regionale dell'Emigrazione della Gente di Toscana - Castello di Lusuolo in Lunigiana
* Fondazione Paolo Cresci - per la storia dell'emigrazione italiana.
* Emigrazione - emigrati.it
* Siamo tutti emigranti. L'epopea dell'emigrazione italiana: la miseria, lo sfruttamento, il razzismo.
* Federazione Italiana Lavoratori Emigranti e Famiglie
* Notizie emigrazione. Documenti e Notizie su emigrazione ed immigrazione
* Federazione Italiana Emigrazione Immigrazione
* FILM DOCUMENTARI sull' EMIGRAZIONE
* Emigranti St.Georgen - centro-italiano.org
* A.S.E.I. Archivio Storico Emigrazione Italiana
* Felice Pedroni, un emigrante italiano nella corsa all'oro in Alaska
* Sito dedicato alle problematiche dell'emigrazione
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Emigrazione italiana
Italiani in Africa: Italo-tunisini · Italo-egiziani · Italo-marocchini · Italo-algerini · Italo-sudafricani
Italiani nelle Americhe: Italoamericani · Italo-argentini · Italo-brasiliani · Italo-cileni · Italo-uruguaiani · Italo-peruviani · Italo-messicani · Italo-canadesi · Italo-venezuelani
Italiani in Europa: Italo-svizzeri · Italo-francesi · Italo-tedeschi · Italo-belgi · Italo-britannici · Italo-sammarinesi
Italiani in Oceania/Asia: Italo-australiani · Italo-neozelandesi · Italo-libanesi
Italiani nelle ex-colonie del Regno d'Italia: Italo-libici · Italo-eritrei · Italo-somali · Italo-etiopici
Estratto da "http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigrazione_italiana"
Categoria: Emigrazione italiana | Contributed by: Courtesy of Italian Wikipedia
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"Emigrazione italiana" (English translation) | | Date: The 20th Century | Notes: Text, Italian Wikipedia; machine translation by Google
"Italian Emigration"
Italy has been interested in the phenomenon of migration especially in the XIX and XX. The phenomenon was first the North (Piedmont, Veneto and Friuli in particular) and, after 1880, the noon.
Features
One can distinguish the Italian emigration into two major periods: that of the great emigration of the late nineteenth century and the thirties of the twentieth century (where it was predominant l 'emigration American) and European migration, which began in From the fifties.
The great migration
Estimated number of emigrants during the periods 1876-1900 and 1901-1915, divided by region of origin
"What do you mean by nation, Minister? It is a mass of unhappy people? Plant wheat but do not eat white bread. Cultivate the vine, but not drink wine. Breed animals, but does not eat meat. Nevertheless we recommend you not to leave our homeland? But the country is a land where you can not live of their work?"
(An anonymous respond to an Italian minister, sec. XIX [1])
The great migration has been a point of origin of the widespread poverty of large parts of Italy and the desire to purchase the entire population groups, whose departure meant for the State and the Italian company a strong reduction in the "population pressure" . It was as destinations particularly South America North America (including USA, Brazil and Argentina, countries with large areas of land not exploited and the need for workers) and in Europe, France. Ways and had different forms depending on the country of destination.
In the United States and Brazil are predominantly characterized as long-term emigration, often without specific projects back in Italy, while in Argentina and Uruguay was either stable or temporary (emigración golondrina [2]).
The periods affected by the migration from 1876 to 1915 and from 1920 to 1929 approximately. Although the phenomenon was already present from the earliest years of the unification of Italy in 1876 which takes place the first statistics on migration by the Directorate General of Statistics. It is estimated that only in the first period left some 14 million people [3] (with a peak in 1913 of more than 870,000 departures), against an Italian population in 1900 reached approximately 33 million people.
Emigration U.S.
Migration in the Americas was huge in the second half of the nineteenth and early decades of the twentieth century. Almost exhausted during the fascist regime, but had a small recovery immediately after the end of World War II.
The countries where most migrants headed Italians were the United States in North America, and Brazil and 'Argentina in South America. In these three states currently there are approximately 65 million descendants of Italian emigrants.
A large proportion of Italians went in Uruguay, where the descendants of Italians in 1976 were 1,300,000 (over 40% of the population, given the small size of the State). [4]
Shares of Italian immigrants also headed to Venezuela and Canada, but there were also fed colonies of Italian emigrants in Chile, Peru, Mexico, Paraguay, Cuba and Costa Rica
Virtually massive Italian emigration to the Americas is exhausted in the sixties, after the Italian economic miracle, although he continued until the eighties in Canada and the United States.
European Migration
The European emigration in the second half of the twentieth century, however, had as its target mainly European countries like France in growth (from 1850) [5], Switzerland, Belgium (from 1940) [6] [7] and Germany and was considered by many at the time of departure, such as temporary emigration - often only a few months - in which to work and earn money to build, then, a better future in Italy. However, this phenomenon has not occurred and many of the immigrants remained in the countries of emigration.
The Italian state in 1955 signed a pact with the emigration of Germany with which ensured the mutual commitment to, and migration that took almost three million Italians to cross the border in search of work. Today in Germany there are approximately 650,000 Italian citizens up to the fourth generation, while more than 500,000 in Switzerland, mostly Sicilian, Calabrian and Apulian, but the Venetian and Emilian now many of them with dual passports and the possibility of vote in both nations.
In Belgium and Switzerland Italian communities remain the most numerous foreign, and although many do return to Italy after their retirement, often the children and grandchildren remain in the countries of birth, where they have now taken root. An important phenomenon of aggregation that occurs in Europe as well as in other continents and countries of immigration in Italy is one of associations of emigration. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs estimated that there are more than 10,000 abroad associations formed by the Italian emigrants in over a century. Mutual aid associations, cultural, assistance and service, which constituted a fundamental point of reference for the immigrant community in the difficult path of integration in countries of arrival. The major networks of various ideal inspiration, are now joined in the CNE (National Consulta dell'Emigrazione). One of the biggest networks in the world, together with those of the Catholic world is that of FILEF - Italian Federation of Workers and Families Emigrants.
Internal migration (Italy)
Internal migration became important in the years'50 and'60, they were essentially of two types:
* Gentlemen Migration or displacement of young offspring from the countryside to cities for purposes of study.
* Transfer the industrial cities of the north-west of young males, married or in the process, with low educational qualifications. Women, however, emigrated to second the "call chain" or leaving before the men and then there's the family reunion.
Starting in 1995, the institute SVIMEZ (Southern Development Institute) began to observe a sudden rise in internal migration. The origin of the flow continues to be from the South but the predominant destination is, now, to the Northeast and the Center. The most active regions are the eastern Lombardy, Veneto, Emilia-Romagna, Tuscany and Umbria.
However, the contemporary figure dell'Emigrante is generally very different from its counterpart of the previous generation. Only some migrate along with the family, the majority does so individually subjected to long commuting journeys and shares with others in the same condition, accommodation, often overcrowded. On the south-north migration, we must point out that graduates are not finding work near home, traveling in the north, where the demand for "brains" (teachers, doctors, lawyers, etc..) Is constant, with a question often exceeds supply, in particular as regards the school. Another strand is represented by young people enrolled in the police (Guardia di Finanza, Carabinieri, Police) who provide service to the barracks in the north.
Oriunda Italian
In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, nearly 30 million Italians left Italy with the main destinations Americas, Australia, Western Europe. [8] Currently living oriunda million Italians in different countries around the world: the most numerous are in Brazil, Argentina and the United States of America. Consider that a oriunda may have a distant ancestor born in Italy so the majority of oriunda only Italian surname (often not even that) and not Italian citizenship. In many countries, especially South America, the estimates are very approximate as there is no census on its roots as it happens instead in USA or Canada.
It is also worth noting that these estimates refer to oriunda, so do not take account of Italians living abroad, surveyed from [9].
Main oriunda community of Italians in the World Notes
Brazil flag 25 million (approx. 13-14% pop. total) Italian-Brazilian (category) [10] [11]
Argentina flag 20 million (ca. 50% pop. total) Italian-Argentinian (category) [12] [8]
flag United States 17.8 million (approx. 6% pop. total) Italian Americans (category) [13]
flag France 1.5 - 3.5 million (approx. 2-8% pop. total) Italian-French (category) [8] [14]
flag Canada 1.5 million (approx. 4.5% pop. total) Italian-Canadians (category) [15]
flag Uruguay 1.3 million (approx. 40% pop. total) Italian-Uruguayans (category) [8] [16]
Venezuela flag 1 million (approx. 4% pop. total) Italo-Venezuelans (category)
flag Australia 850mila (ca. 4% pop. total) Italian-Australians (category) [17]
flag Germany 650 - 700mila (<1% pop. total) Italian-German (category)
flag Switzerland 500 - 700mila (ca. 8-9% pop. total) Italian-Swiss (category)
Peru flag 500mila (ca. 1.8% pop. total) Italian-Peruvian (category) [18]
flag United Kingdom 300 - 500 thousand (<1% pop. total) Italian-British (category)
flag Belgium 290mila (ca. 3% pop. total) Italian-Belgian (category) [19]
flag Chile 150 thousand (<1% pop. total) Italo-Chilean (category) [8]
Costa Rica flag 120mila (approx. 2% pop. total) Italo-Costa Ricans (category)
Paraguay flag 100 thousand (approx. 1.5% pop. total) Italian-Paraguayan (category)
Italian film on migration
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In chronological order, are:
* The journey of hope (1950) by Pietro Germi with Raf Vallone
* I magliari (1959) by Francesco Rosi with Alberto Sordi: history of immigrants in Germany
* We are Italian Alexander J. Seiler helped by teachers and Rob Kovach June, CH 1964
* The gaucho (1964), Italian comedy that also the Italian emigrants in Argentina; players: Vittorio Gassman, Amedeo Nazzari and Nino Manfredi
* Handsome, honest, married fellow immigrant Australia illibata (1971), film di Luigi Zampa con Alberto Sordi and Claudia Cardinale
* Sacco and Vanzetti (film 1971) by Giuliano Montaldo con Gian Maria Volonté, Riccardo Cucciolla
* Bread and Chocolate (1973), the subject and the screenplay by Franco Brusati, with an extraordinary interpretation of Nino Manfredi.
* Emigration Nino Jacuss, CH 1978
* I fabbricasvizzeri (1978) by Rolf Lyssy: satirical film on forced
* Alamanya Alamanya, Germany Germany Hans Andreas Guttner, D 1979
* Return to the home of Nino Jacuss, CH 1980
* China Girl (1987) Abel Ferrara: story of emigrants in the U.S. of which one is engaged with a Chinese girl
* Mamma Lucia (miniseries) (1988), television miniseries in the U.S. is produced from the novel by Mario Puzo, directed by S. Cooper
* Fa 'la cosa giusta (1989) to Spike Lee interpreted by the same director with Danny Aiello and John Turturro: history of ethnic conflict between Italian Americans and Afro-Americans in New York
* In African continent (1993), the show also that the Italian emigrants in Kenya protagonist: Diego Abatantuono
* Lo zio d'America (1994)
* The Barber of Rio (1996), the show also that the Italian emigrants in Brazil, actor: Diego Abatantuono
* Terra Nostra (1999), soap opera produced in Brazil
* Blue (film) (2001), directed by Denis Rabaglia con Paolo Villaggio.
* How to America (2001), the RAI television miniseries with Sabrina Ferilli: history of emigrants from Polesine in Canada after the 1951 flood
* Wind of September (2002), Alexander J. Seiler
* Marcinelle (miniseries) 2003, RAI television miniseries on disaster Marcinelle
* The return of the land in 2004, television miniseries, to discuss with Sophia Loren and Sabrina Ferilli: history of immigrants in Canada
* Sacco and Vanzetti (miniseries) (2005) directed by Fabrizio Costa with Ennio Fantastichini and produced by Sergio Rubini mediaset
* Monongah, Marcinelle American (2006), documentary of the most serious accident at work in history that the U.S. is also the most mournful disaster in the history of Italian miners migrated
* Nuovomondo Emanuele Crialese, IT 2006, 120 min., IT / f, 16 mm, color, distribution: 01 Distribution. The Italian emigration during the twentieth century told through the story of a family of Sicily, the Mancuso.
* Merica F. Ferrone, M. Manzolini, F. Ragazzi, IT 2007, 65 min., Distribution map-Cantieri Sociali. Documentary on immigration in Italy and Brazil on the return of Brazil in Italy
Bibliography
* Favero, Luigi and gusset, Graziano. A century of Italian emigration (1876-1976). Csere. Rome, 1978.
* FILEF. Tales from the world, Ed.FILEF - 2007
* Mario Puzo. Mamma Lucia, 1971
* Gian Antonio Stella. The horde (when we were the Albanians), 2002
* Marazzi.Misteri Martin of Little Italy. Stories and texts of Italian American literature, 2003
* Sori, Ercole. The Italian emigration by the Second World War. Il Mulino. Bologna 1979
Related Items
* Prejudice against Italians
* Red Passport
* Political asylum
* Immigration
* Southern Question
* Oriunda
* Diaspora
External links
* Museo Regionale dell'Emigrazione "Pietro Conti" Gualdo Tadino (PG)
* Dell'Emigrazione Museo Regionale della Gente di Toscana - Castello di Lusuolo in Lunigiana
* Paolo Cresci Foundation - for the history of Italian.
* Emigration - emigrati.it
* We are all immigrants. The epic of Italian: the poverty, exploitation, racism.
* Italian Federation of Workers and Families Emigrants
* News emigration. Documents and news on emigration and immigration
* Italian Emigration Immigration
* DOCUMENTARY FILM sull 'MIGRATION
* Emigrants St.Georgen - Central italiano.org
* A.S.E.I. Italian Emigration Archives
* Felice Pedroni, an Italian emigrant in the gold rush in Alaska
* Site dedicated to issues of migration
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Italian Emigration
Italiani in Africa: Italo-Tunisian Italo Italo-Egyptian-Moroccan-Algerian Italo Italo-South African
Italians in America: Italian Americans Italian-Argentine-Brazilian Italo Italo Italo-Chilean-Uruguayan-Peruvian Italo Italo Italo-Mexican-Canadian Italian-Venezuelan
Italians in Europe: Italo Italo-Swiss-French-German Italo Italo Italo-Belgian-British-Italian San Marino
Italians in Oceania / Asia: Italo Italo-Australian-New Zealand-Italian Lebanese
Italians in the former colonies of the Kingdom of Italy: Italo Italo-Libyan-Eritrean Italo Italo-Somali-Ethiopian
Retrieved from "http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigrazione_italiana"
Category: Italian Emigration | Contributed by: Text, Italian Wikipedia; machine translation, Google
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Italy | | Date: 1910 | | Notes: "Coloni modenesi a Capitan Pastene (Cile) nel 1910: la Famiglia Castagna." | Contributed by: Italian Wikipedia
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